09-17-2013, 07:10 PM
I would like to discuss more closely the chromosome division issue in both techniques taking human model as an example. During artificial embryo twinning technique, the process begins with creating a zygote, the fertilized egg cell which contains 46 chromosomes (23 acquired from egg nucleus and 23 from spermatozoid nucleus). Before the zygote divides, the genetic material (DNA) replicates, providing both daughter cells with the same amount of genetic material (46 chromosomes). If we then separate the cells, and grow one of them in a Petri dish, we will get a cloned human with the same genetic material as the other, naturally born human.
The other technique, somatic cell nuclear transfer, is more complex, more artificial, and accompanied with more side effects. Namely, the genetic material (nucleus) is removed from the somatic cell, and inserted in emptied egg cell. Now the egg cell becomes the first cell of a new, cloned organism. The only correction I would suggest is that the number of chromosomes is not reduced using this technique, as the nucleus of somatic cell has 46 chromosomes, unlike the nucleus of egg cell and sperm cell (23 chromosomes). The clone developed by using this technique would have the exact same properties as the human from whom the somatic cell nucleus is taken, and his biological parents would be the parents of that human.
There are many issues concerning cloning of living organisms as suggested in the above article. A high incidence of failed cloning is possibly due to reprogramming of somatic cell DNA in the egg cell environment, although this process is not yet uncovered. That results in DNA changes and subsequent discoordinations during the complex process of organism development.
It is well established that mitochondrial DNA plays an important role in human organism and its defects are involved in broad range of neurological and other diseases. During the process of somatic cell nuclear transfer, the mitochondria are not being transferred, so the egg cell mitochondria take action. That can cause different problems, but this issue has not yet been well investigated.
The other technique, somatic cell nuclear transfer, is more complex, more artificial, and accompanied with more side effects. Namely, the genetic material (nucleus) is removed from the somatic cell, and inserted in emptied egg cell. Now the egg cell becomes the first cell of a new, cloned organism. The only correction I would suggest is that the number of chromosomes is not reduced using this technique, as the nucleus of somatic cell has 46 chromosomes, unlike the nucleus of egg cell and sperm cell (23 chromosomes). The clone developed by using this technique would have the exact same properties as the human from whom the somatic cell nucleus is taken, and his biological parents would be the parents of that human.
There are many issues concerning cloning of living organisms as suggested in the above article. A high incidence of failed cloning is possibly due to reprogramming of somatic cell DNA in the egg cell environment, although this process is not yet uncovered. That results in DNA changes and subsequent discoordinations during the complex process of organism development.
It is well established that mitochondrial DNA plays an important role in human organism and its defects are involved in broad range of neurological and other diseases. During the process of somatic cell nuclear transfer, the mitochondria are not being transferred, so the egg cell mitochondria take action. That can cause different problems, but this issue has not yet been well investigated.
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