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Development of DNA chip technology
#1
The great advancement in the field of molecular biology has been the Human Genome Project, whereby the whole human genome was sequenced using DNA sequencing method. This project has marked a turning point and has opened the gate for various medical discoveries and technology. The advent of DNA chip technology or DNA microarray technology has ushered in a new era in the field of Systems biology, which has helped in studying the transcriptional behaviour of different genes. The DNA chip actually helps in knowing the expression of mRNA in its steady state. The DNA chips have proved to be very useful in the study of different diseases and the modification of the gene expression in the development of the disease.

Various breakthroughs in the field of technology have helped in the development of DNA or gene chips. The technology of DNA chip is the result of the combination of molecular biology and microfabrication technology. Although gene expression could be known by sequencing method, but the complete idea about the levels of gene expression or the activity of the genes could be known only after the study of mRNA transcribed from the genes as all the genes present are not transcribed into mRNA. The differences in the amount and nature of mRNA transcribed by the DNA of a particular organ or cell gives clear idea about the specific proteins transcribed from the specific organ or tissue or cell within the body and their effect on various diseases.

DNA chip technology works on the hybridization principle. There are mainly two types of chips: cDNA array and oligonucleotide array. The cDNA array consists of long DNA fragments purified by PCR, which are immobilised on glass or plastic wafer with the use of robots. They are generally used for the study of expression and screening. The oligonucleotide array consists of short fragments of DNA that are synthesised chemically or conventionally and are then immobilised on the glass substrate. They are generally used for the study of mutations, monitoring of gene expression, discovery and mapping. For the genomic analysis, both the types of arrays are used simultaneously. The probes used for the development of DNA chips are manufactured using a number of techniques such as light induced chemical synthesis, or the use of spraying solution, which deposits chemical probes on the chip substrate, or the use of robots, which deposit the probes on the substrate. The main idea is to miniaturize the whole technology of genomic analysis with the use of DNA chips. The level of the mRNA transcription can be studied with the use of DNA chips. The total mRNA is first isolated, purified and reverse transcribed to cDNA and then with the use of probes, it is hybridised on the immobilised DNA on the chip substrate and finally the level of its expression can be known.

The use of DNA chips have many advantages such as they can be used to monitor many genes at the same time, producing fast results, comparing diseased and normal cells according to the expression of various genes and also help in categorizing the subgroups of a particular disease with slight variations in the different genes. However, there are some disadvantages also of the technique. The technology is quite expensive and the production of too many results at a time requires long time for analysis, which is quite complex in nature. The reproducibility of the results is also a question as the results are not always quantitative. The DNA chips do not have very long shelf life, which proves to be another major disadvantage of the technology.

The applications of the DNA chip technology has gained much importance in the present time and will pave way for further innovative developments in molecular biology in future. The technology has found application in not only the study of mRNA expression but also the DNA replication in bacteria, yeasts, etc., the study of histone proteins, their modification, and the different mRNA binding proteins and even in the study of different mechanisms in cell biology. The development of DNA chip technology or nanoarray technology can be used to detect different diseases like Alzheimer’s disease, cystic fibrosis, different forms of cancer, etc. The DNA chip has also found application in the detection of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) in the genome and also in the research related to effect of different drugs on the different cells of the body and drug efficacy.
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#2
Single DNA chip can provide information on thousand of genes simultaneously.DNA Micro array technology helps in the identification of new genes. Application of Micro array is as follow:

1) Disease Diagnosis: DNA Micro array technology helps researcher learn more about different diseases such as heart disease,mental illness,especially study of cancer.
2) Drug discovery: Pharmacogenomics is the study of correlation between therapeutic response to drugs and the genetic profiles of the patients.
3) Toxicological Research:Microarray technology provides robust platform for the research of the impact of toxins on the cell and their passing on to the progeny. Toxicogenomics establishes correlation between responses to toxicants and the changes in the genetic profile of the cell exposed to such toxicants.
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#3
It'a an excellent information about Development of DNA chip technology. It's very useful information. In array pairing rule, they organizing set up samples where matching of known and unknown DNA samples base. They are very small microns. The spotted samples known as probes. An research with a single DNA processor can carry a large number of genetics at the same time. The orderly arranging probes are important as the place of each spot on the array that's use for the identify of the gene.
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#4
DNA in genes are elastic enough to allow for major structural changes that maximize stacking factors while decreasing disapproving steric interactions. They are very small microns. The effects of local DNA supercoiling fashioned by transcription can stabilize alternative DNA structures
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#5
It is indeed an excellent information about the DNA chip technology. Research with a single DNA processor can carry a large number of processor at the same time. I would like to thank you for sharing this with us.
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#6
Hi!
I'm newbie here. Happy to be members of the forum.
I hope we will have great time here. And I'll try to contribute to forum develop more.
I'm positively looking forward to the forum and its members hope all will guide, share and help me to increase my knowledge.
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