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by Hanna AH at 01-09-2016, 02:12 AM
2 comments
Hello everyone,
i am doing my engineering in biotechnology as of now!
i have just finished my third semester!
though pursuing biotechnology was my choice... i only had genetic engineering in mind.
now to get serious with my options, i settled for pursuing a career in gene therapy! as medical related biotechnology has always been my interest!
i would be very happy to meet or share knowledge with people of the same interest as mine!
also i really need help regarding the colleges which would offer courses in Bangalore! all i know is that gene therapy is my interest!
and i have NO CLUE how to get there!
- am i supposed to write any entrance exam for my future goal?? if yes which one?
- am i supposed to do M Tech... what should be my next step after BE in biotechnology!
- i would b very happy to know the best colleges that offer a course in my interest!
- if not Bangalore which other state or country is best to explore my options!!
it would be really great and kind if anyone helped me out here!!!!
by Tanvi Aggarwal at 01-08-2016, 12:32 AM
2 comments
Hello sir,
I am a 2nd year B.Tech Biotechnology student. I wanted to know how important it is to have an internship during the period of study. I am finding it hard to get one.
Is there any way I can enhance my chances of having a good career in the field without having an internship?
I am a 2nd year B.Tech Biotechnology student. I wanted to know how important it is to have an internship during the period of study. I am finding it hard to get one.
Is there any way I can enhance my chances of having a good career in the field without having an internship?
by priya at 01-05-2016, 04:35 PM
0 comments
how to get high marks in gate. because i have got qualified last year. but due to low score IIT'S are not even considering for interview. please help me to pursue Ph.D in IIT. I have passed out M.TECH 2011 .
by Kushal Kapoor at 12-29-2015, 01:37 AM
0 comments
Sir,
I am a student of class 10th and i want to opt for biotechnology further after +1 and +2.
Basically i wanted to know the exams which are to be cleared for getting admission in govt. universities and colleges like PU or IISER.
Secondly i wanted to know the basic difference b/w biotech in medical and engineering. And is there any benefit of taking maths or bio as 6th while doing medical or non-medical in +1 and +2.
Sir please do answer me. I'll be eagerly waiting for your reply.
I am a student of class 10th and i want to opt for biotechnology further after +1 and +2.
Basically i wanted to know the exams which are to be cleared for getting admission in govt. universities and colleges like PU or IISER.
Secondly i wanted to know the basic difference b/w biotech in medical and engineering. And is there any benefit of taking maths or bio as 6th while doing medical or non-medical in +1 and +2.
Sir please do answer me. I'll be eagerly waiting for your reply.
by alekhyaGSP at 12-28-2015, 01:22 AM
0 comments
What is Middle East Respiratory Syndrome?
![[Image: MERS-virus-376x400.jpg]](http://australiafirstparty.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/MERS-virus-376x400.jpg)
(Source: australiafirstparty.net)The Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), or what is known as camel flu, is a respiratory infection caused by MERS-coronavirus (MERS-CoV). MERS was first reported in 2012. There are around 1641 confirmed cases of MERS in about 20 countries as updated in December 2015. The existence of this virus was first reported by Dr. Ali Mohamed Zaki an Egyptian virologist, in the year 2012. A previously unknown coronavirus was isolated by Dr. Zaki from a man’s lungs. This was later identified as MERS-CoV. The symptoms are not fatal unless the infected person has a weakened state of immunity due to other health problems. The symptoms include fever, cough, diarrhea, and shortness of breath.
In the very same year, the similar symptoms were observed in a 49-year-old male in Qatar. Most of the MERS cases which were observed were confined to Arabian Peninsula. There were, however, two cases reported in California. Two healthcare providers who treated people in Saudi Arabia were infected with the virus. This outbreak led to the rapid research and monitoring on the symptoms and the deaths associated with this virus. The first two cases had similarities in the genetic sequences.
MERS-CoV is a beta coronavirus which is derived from bats. Serum isolated from camels have the antibodies for MERS-CoV. However, the source of the infection has not been identified in camels. It is also believed that the camels transfer the virus to humans, but, the exact mechanism is unknown. Human-human transmission is on close contact. The mortality rate is 40%.
Symptoms of MERS
The appearance of the symptoms is after an incubation period of 5 days. Fever, cough, and shortness of breath are the most common symptoms. Myalgia is one of the symptoms observed in a small fraction of people. Apart from these symptoms, gastrointestinal symptoms like vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain are also seen in a small fraction of people. Three-quarters of the total number of people infected need medical attention and support of ventilators to survive. Though the symptoms appear non-fatal, MERS can be asymptomatic and lead to severe pneumonia which in turns causes Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS). It can also further complicate by causing kidney failure, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), and pericarditis.
More about MERS-CoV
![[Image: ticker_MERS_0.jpg]](https://www.sciencenews.org/sites/default/files/main/blogposts/ticker_MERS_0.jpg)
(Source: sciencenews)MERS-CoV belongs to the beta group of coronavirus. Though it was referred to as SARS-like virus until 2013, it has now been identified to be distinct from SARS coronavirus.
In humans, the adherence of the virus is to the nonciliated bronchial epithelial cells. The virus is equipped to evade the immune system and they hinder the production of the interferon (IFN) production in these cells. The reason this is unique is because most respiratory disease causing viruses have a strong tropism for ciliated cells. Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) or CD26 is the receptor for the virus. This receptor is highly conserved and only expressed in human bronchial epithelium and the kidneys.
Transmission between human-human is very low unless the person infected is in constant contact with healthy individuals. It has also been observed that only 20% of the epithelial cells are infected with the virus on a whole. This indicates that the number of virions which have to be inhaled to cause the disease will not likely transfer from human-human through normal contact. However, Dr. Anthony S. Fauci of the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, Maryland, has raised a cause for concern. The infection though does not transmit from human-human, its mutation to a more transmissible strain can pose a major health hazard. Healthcare providers are exposed the most to this virus. The major outbreak in South Korea with 125 confirmed cases of MERS has CDC on high alert. Egyptian tomb bats are the natural reservoirs of this virus. The virus has undergone evolution over a long period of time. The viral strains in bats are similar to the ones isolated from humans. Nevertheless, recent reports have identified camels to be the natural reservoirs of the virus. The presence of protein-specific antibodies against MERS-CoV spike proteins are in evidence of this. Countries in the Arabian Peninsula are known to drink large amounts of camel milk and camel meat as well. This is one of the main reasons for the transmission of the virus.
Diagnosis of MERS
The diagnosis of the disease is based on the symptoms displayed by an individual. The probable cases of MERS show the following symptoms: acute pneumonia, flu-like symptoms, fever, and cough, a history of travel to other countries, contact with an infected person or consumption of camel products.
X-ray of the lungs reveals bilateral patchy infiltrates which is consistent with viral pneumonitis and ARDS. Interstitial infiltrates are also seen.
Low lymphocyte count is characteristic of this disease. PCR is performed by taking samples from the lower respiratory tract. Sputum sample or tracheal aspirate is also taken for examination. RT-PCR is also performed for the rapid identification of the infection. The PCR targets the amplification of sequence upstream the E gene. RdRp, which is present in all coronaviruses is targeted by sequencing amplicons.
Though immunofluorescence assays have been developed, the antibodies cross-react within the genus and thus make it difficult to detect the infection. A protein microarray specific to the infection has been developed. There was no cross-reactivity observed. However, the assay is tedious which is why WHO came up with the conclusion that all the positive serological test results in the absence of PCR and other sequencing techniques are to be taken as probable cases of MERS.
Prevention of MERS
For any infection, the transmission matters the most. Once the transmission is prevented, the infection is automatically controlled.
1. Camel milk should be thoroughly pasteurized before consumption and camel meat too should be cooked well prior to consumption.
2. People handling camels should wash their hands clean after coming in contact with them. The same way, unwell camels should be given proper medical attention and should be kept away from the healthy ones to prevent the spread of the infection.
3. Protective gear should be worn by healthcare providers while treating infected individuals.
4. Handling body fluids with care is advised.
5. Wearing long gowns which are impermeable and non-sterile is mandatory.
6. Only a limited number of people should be allowed to care for the patient.
7. The patient is advised to limit activity to a bare minimum to avoid contamination of surfaces at home or hospital.
Treatment of MERS
Interferon activity is hindered by the virus. To counter this, treatment procedure involves administration of exogenous interferons which minimize the viral replication process. There is no specific antiviral treatment. The treatment is mostly symptomatic and in severe cases, the patients are provided care to keep the vital organs functioning.
by alekhyaGSP at 12-22-2015, 05:48 PM
1 comments
Everyone around is so worried about mosquito bites leading to malaria or dengue fever. Not even roaches draw that kind of attention these days. Like the scare of malaria and dengue isn’t enough, there is another fever emerging which is slowly making room for itself amongst us. Ever heard of Zika virus? It causes a disease called, “zika fever” or “zika disease” in humans. This disease was first discovered in 1952 when a caged rhesus monkey in the zika forest near the East African Virus Research Institute in Uganda, was seen to develop a fever. They could isolate the transmissible agent which was found to be zika virus. It was originally thought to be confined to parts of Asia and Africa. It was rediscovered in 2007 in a patient in Yap, Federated States of Micronesia. Aedes aegypti mosquito is the known vector of this virus. The virus can be transferred between human-human through sexual contact and also through blood transfusion. Detection of zika virus RNA in amniotic fluid suggests that it can be transferred vertically and that it can cross the placental barrier and can also affect the fetus. The Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) has confirmed its presence in parts of Panama and Venezuela in December 2015.
Symptoms of zika fever
Not everyone who is infected with zika virus develops the disease. According to CDC, 1 in 5 people develops zika fever. The incubation period of the disease is between 3 to 12 days. During this period, people show the following symptoms- fever, rashes, headaches, conjunctivitis/red eyes, muscle pain, and vomiting. The disease is mild and there are no reports of hospitalization or death. The illness starts to lose its hold within 4-7 days. The rashes are called maculopapular rashes. They start at the face and then proceed to form all over the body. This disease is not seen to cause any further complications. However, infection with zika virus during pregnancy has raised red flags. Certain autoimmune, neurological and neurodevelopmental conditions like microcephaly and Guillain-Barre syndrome in newborns who are infected with ZIKV has been noticed. In 2015, Zika virus has been isolated from a newborn in Ceara, Brazil. This child was born with microcephaly. Following this, there were about 739 cases of infants being born with congenital neurological disorders. As of December 1, 2015, the ministry of Brazil has confirmed the virus to be responsible for microcephaly in infants. 1,248 cases with 7 fatalities were reported in 14 States of the country.
Virology
![[Image: 400px-Flaviviridae_virion.jpg]](http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/images/thumb/4/44/Flaviviridae_virion.jpg/400px-Flaviviridae_virion.jpg)
Above is an image of the structure of the Flaviviridae virus (Source: lookfordiagnosis).
The zika virus belongs to the family Flaviviridae like its counterparts causing dengue, yellow fever, West Nile and Japanese encephalitis. The virus is icosahedral in symmetry which is due to the arrangement of the surface proteins. It has a positive sense single-stranded RNA genome that is 10794 kb in length and unsegmented. There are two flanking coding regions that are cleaved into capsid, the precursor of the membrane (prM), envelope (E) and seven non-structural proteins (NS). It has a nucleocapsid and is enveloped by a host-derived lipid bilayer consisting of the E and M proteins.
The virus enters the host cell by attaching itself to the host cell receptors. This is brought about by the envelope proteins of the virus which induce endocytosis in the virion. Upon the fusion of the virus membrane with the endosomal membrane of the host, the ssRNA is released into the host cell. The ssRNA gets translated to a polyprotein and then differentiates into structural and non-structural proteins. The viral factors responsible for the replication of the viral genome carry forward their task and these factors along with the endoplasmic reticulum of the host form dsRNA. The genome is then assembled in the ER of the host cell and then to the Golgi complex. From here, they exit into the intracellular space and continue to infect other host cells.
Diagnosis
1. PCR is performed to detect the presence of the viral DNA.
2. ZIKV antibodies (IgM) are detected in the serum. Though the ZIKV antibodies are detectable after 3-5 days of infection, cross-reactivity with dengue, West Nile, and Japanese encephalitis is commonly seen. However, the cross-reactivity was seen in people who were previously exposed to viruses belonging to Flaviviridae. Patients infected with ZIKV for the first time did not show such cross-reactivity. CDC has developed an ELISA to detect the ZIKV IgM.
3. Urine samples are analyzed for the virus as the RNA is present in the urine up to 10 days of infection.
4. Differential clinical diagnosis is advised as there can be chances of co-infection with dengue or chikungunya and malaria which are also transmitted through mosquito bites.
Treatment
Since the disease is self-limiting and mild, there is no vaccine or specific treatment which has been developed. Patients are suggested to rest and keep themselves hydrated. Medications are usually prescribed against the symptoms like fever, vomiting, headaches and muscle pains. Antihistamines are prescribed for pruritic rashes. Also, the healthcare provider should be cautious while administering drugs as certain drugs like non-steroid anti-inflammatory agents and acetylsalicylic acid can cause side effects like hemorrhages in the patients infected with a Flaviviridae group of viruses.
Prevention
![[Image: 11393133_1048072771889197_808190160432982_n-1.jpg]](http://www.guardian.co.tt/sites/default/files/11393133_1048072771889197_808190160432982_n-1.jpg)
Above is an image of the health advisory issued by the Ministry of Health, Brazil in the efforts to convey the steps to prevent the disease (Source: Guardian).
Since the disease is transmitted through a vector, the preventive measures usually focus on not giving a chance to the vector to transmit the virus to the host.
1. Keeping the surroundings clean by reducing the breeding ground for mosquitoes helps majorly in the prevention of this disease.
2. Protecting oneself from a mosquito bite is of importance to prevent the infection.
3. Wearing long sleeved clothes, during the highest hours of mosquito activity.
4. Travelers are advised to find out the diseases which are endemic to the place and go about protecting themselves accordingly.
5. A person infected with zika virus is advised to follow safe sex practices or to avoid sexual contact until the healthcare provider gives clearance.
Zika virus is slowly emerging as a pathogen. Since the virus causes mild infection in humans, it hasn’t been studied for its potential to be a disease causing agent.
by Sharmin Calcuttawala at 12-22-2015, 05:38 PM
0 comments
Triose phosphate isomerase converts dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP)to glyceraldehyde (G3P) in reversible reaction. At 298 K and pH 7 ,the equilibrium mixture contain 40mM DHAP and 4mM G3P .Assume that the reaction started with 44 mM DHAP and no G3P .The standard free energy in Kj/mol for formation of G3P is__________...
R=8.314j/mol.k
I'm getting 5.7
But the ans key is 2.5
So lemme know why the is such a variation ...
R=8.314j/mol.k
I'm getting 5.7
But the ans key is 2.5
So lemme know why the is such a variation ...
by Kanny at 12-22-2015, 04:05 PM
0 comments
I just came across few biotech related sites i.e institution sites and realized that there is so much happening even in India with respect to Biotechnology but we are highly unaware.
I came across institutions asking for different proposals but realized that none of it has much publicity, as in the ads are only on the sites and you miss out on most because you have not visited their site..
I was wondering if we can have a monthly newsletter or so (or whether any of it actually exists) that can have all the recent updates on exams/scholarships/proposals or openings post B.Tech Biotechnology. Would that not make things clearer and more approachable?
If there is something like this that already exists then can someone please tell me about it.
I came across institutions asking for different proposals but realized that none of it has much publicity, as in the ads are only on the sites and you miss out on most because you have not visited their site..
I was wondering if we can have a monthly newsletter or so (or whether any of it actually exists) that can have all the recent updates on exams/scholarships/proposals or openings post B.Tech Biotechnology. Would that not make things clearer and more approachable?
If there is something like this that already exists then can someone please tell me about it.
by Karthik k c at 12-22-2015, 09:59 AM
0 comments
Respected sir /madam
I am studying 2nd year Bsc - Biotech in kuvempu university, after my Bsc cource , I want join for best university and a best cource that will make me possible get into good job as soon as possible, Please provide suitable information
waiting for your response
thank u
I am studying 2nd year Bsc - Biotech in kuvempu university, after my Bsc cource , I want join for best university and a best cource that will make me possible get into good job as soon as possible, Please provide suitable information
waiting for your response
thank u
by Ruben A. Mendez MD at 12-21-2015, 06:15 AM
0 comments
I wish to prepare a short (45 to 60 min.) presentation for genealogists interested in the topic of
genetics, particularly as it refers to the inheritance of medical illnesses and the medical results
of genetic mutations and other alterations of family DNA. Can you help me with a list of
articles or other references which summarize and simplify these topics? Ruben A. Mendez MD
genetics, particularly as it refers to the inheritance of medical illnesses and the medical results
of genetic mutations and other alterations of family DNA. Can you help me with a list of
articles or other references which summarize and simplify these topics? Ruben A. Mendez MD
by walkingfish at 12-20-2015, 06:01 PM
0 comments
I have noticed that problems of foam in bioreactors seem to be addressed in one of two ways:
Either there is a foam detector that, when it detects foam, dispenses an anti-foam agent into the bioreactor, or anti-foam agent is fed through a drip feed into the reactor. Both of these methods add small quantities of anti-foam agent at a time. Why do this? Why not just add quite a bit of anti-foam agent to the media right from the start, so it doesn't have to be added again later? Of course, TOO MUCH couldn't be added.
Let's say, though, that by dispensing drops of anti-foam agent, at the end of the run a total of 30 mL of anti-foam agent were dispensed. Why not start the run by adding 30 mL of anti-foam agent?
Either there is a foam detector that, when it detects foam, dispenses an anti-foam agent into the bioreactor, or anti-foam agent is fed through a drip feed into the reactor. Both of these methods add small quantities of anti-foam agent at a time. Why do this? Why not just add quite a bit of anti-foam agent to the media right from the start, so it doesn't have to be added again later? Of course, TOO MUCH couldn't be added.
Let's say, though, that by dispensing drops of anti-foam agent, at the end of the run a total of 30 mL of anti-foam agent were dispensed. Why not start the run by adding 30 mL of anti-foam agent?
by SunilNagpal at 12-19-2015, 04:28 PM
0 comments
Quote:prashantbt: In India the condition of a biotech student is very poor, even after doing Ph.D., because in many government colleges, no vacancies of biotechnology (not as a subject). In pharma companies, they prefer B.Pharma and M.Pharma. Students have to work in marketing companies in very less amount. In higher studies no such good jobs. So please never suggest any one to this biotechnology subject.
Hi Prashant,
Whereas I do understand your disappointment, I strongly disagree with your way of looking into the scenario. Life is always like this: NO ONE GETS A CELEBRITY BEGINNING. It's the beginning that's always difficult.
There are lakhs of IT students who are sitting unemployed (does that mean that IT is a bad field to jump into?).
There are huge number of civil engineering and mechanical engg people sitting at homes (does that make the field a bad one??)
At the same time, there are thousands of B.Tech, BSc, MSc, M.Tech passed people working in Biocon, Wockhardt, Praj, Nestle (and the names have no limit) who got there either right from their campuses or through some smart decision making "of earning an experience by joining a "Low Paying" but related research project" and then joining the big firms (because BIG FIRMS DO LOOK FOR EXPERIENCE). Now are they out of this world? No, they were either from good colleges (which is also to their credit for smart work to get there) or they accepted the fact that they need to accept a low paying job to begin their journey to a better future ahead.
No one, (on an average basis) either from CS/IT/CIVIL/MECH/ELEC/BIOTECH gets a super job to begin with. Beginnings are always modest, what to make out of rest of your career is always dependent upon your vision for your career. One needs to plan to get to a position, nothing comes served to one's platter.
India has one of the largest employment in Biotech in entire world, because our country is crowded with Pharma companies (to serve generic drugs to the developing, middle class population), it is crowded with Food and Beverage companies (to feed the nation), it is crowded with Research Labs in all fields of Life Sciences (you will find a commercial research lab as well an academic research lab in almost every city!!), even IT companies are hiring Bioinfo people these days (I am Biochemical guy working in Computational Biosciences group of an MNC)! Point is that, there are plenty of opportunities, but they are not ready to serve. One needs to earn them. And the right way of earning a good job is: a) Work smart for getting admission to a good school or b) Work smart to join a low paying (even for free I would say), lab/company that suits your field and then use your experience and talent to crack the interview of the big firms (there are plenty of walkins for experienced candidates in every company).
In my circle, everyone is settling for a nice career despite a low level beginning. None of them started their career vehicle at 100 kmph, but yes they have reached a modest 60 by now (2-3 years after beginning).
My point is: Don't curse the field. It exists because it has huge potential. There are people who are working in this field, and that's precisely the reason this field is going on. Don't just blindly add degrees to your resume. If getting a job is your priority, start working on it right after your undergraduate degree. Adding a pile of degrees/ qualifications won't help (unless you vouch for a better school for getting higher education).
There is this paradox existing in this field--People keep studying till PhD and then apply for jobs for which they are "Over-qualified" (companies have a policy of considering only Undergrads or post grads for a set of jobs, for which PhDs are obviously not going to be considered). It's an irony that Biotech is trending towards having huge numbers of PhDs every year and reason for that being the fear of not getting a job after Undergraduate/Post grad studies (please shed your fears, if you wish for a job, try harder for a year for the same, you will get it!).
I hope I conveyed my thoughts on this to some extent. Having said that, all these thoughts are my personal opinion and I firmly believe in it.
Nutshell: There are plenty of opportunities, but nothing will be served easy.
Best wishes
Suni
by alekhyaGSP at 12-18-2015, 06:21 PM
0 comments
Swine influenza commonly known as Swine Flu is an infection caused by the swine influenza viruses. These viruses cause pig influenza and their transmission from pigs to humans is uncommon. The immune system is perfectly capable of producing antibodies to fight the virus and thus does not lead to an infection. Zoonotic infection is common amongst people who are regularly in contact with the pigs.
![[Image: Symptoms-of-Swine-Flu.jpg]](http://www.thefitindian.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Symptoms-of-Swine-Flu.jpg)
![[Image: Triple-reassortant_swine_influenza+gate2biotech.com.jpg]](http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-emUIfGw7SeM/T4r2UCsK35I/AAAAAAAAAcQ/cNZxwLFxsL8/s1600/Triple-reassortant_swine_influenza+gate2biotech.com.jpg)
![[Image: swine_flu_h1_n1.jpg]](http://images.medicinenet.com/images/swine_flu_h1_n1.jpg)
![[Image: swine-flu-precautions.jpg]](http://www.funonthenet.in/images/pics4/swine-flu/swine-flu-precautions.jpg)
Vaccine shots are the best way to prevent the spread of the disease. washing hands after coming in contact with an infected person, covering mouth while sneezing or coughing and limiting contact with people and household articles if infected are the best ways to ensure that the infection does not spread further.
It was in the mid-20th century that the subtypes of the swine flu virus were identified. Upon its identification, studies showed that the subtypes caused zoonotic infections in humans. These strains were not known to pass from human to human. Such incidences were of rare occurrence. It was in 2009 that H1N1 virus responsible for H1N1 infection or commonly known as swine flu was discovered. H1N1 is also known as swine flu as the symptoms are very close to those that are observed in pig influenza.
Signs and symptoms of swine flu
Below is an illustration of the symptoms seen in swine flu (Source: thefitindian).
In humans, zoonotic infections are common. The symptoms of the H1N1 swine flu are much like any other influenza infections. The incubation period is 1-4 days and the infection can show symptoms up to 2 weeks after the infection unless it is severe. The symptoms include fever; a cough, sore throat, watery eyes, body aches, shortness of breath, headache, weight loss, chills, sneezing, runny nose, coughing, dizziness, abdominal pain, lack of appetite and fatigue.
The outbreak in 2009 led to the identification of diarrhea and vomiting as the other symptoms of swine flu. The transfer of the H1N1virus is not zoonotic, but it is the aerosols from the infected people that brings about the transmission of this disease. The symptoms are not limited to swine flu, hence, differential diagnosis combined with laboratory tests are essential for the identification of this infection. Though swine flu on its own is not fatal, death can occur due to respiratory failure. Pneumonia, high fever, dehydration, electrolyte imbalance and kidney failure also can cause fatality in both children and adults.
It is more of a risk in pregnant women as they undergo hormonal changes, physical changes, and the immune system also changes in accordance to the developing fetus and an infection with H1N1 at this stage can cause complications. Hence, they are advised to take vaccine shots.
Virology
The structure of the virus is illustrated in the image below (Source: medicaljournalonline)
The virus causing swine flu in humans has been identified to be a strain influenza A virus which is designated as H1N1. This influenza virion is roughly spherical. It is enveloped in an outer lipid membrane. This lipid membrane is taken from the host cells which the virus replicates. The lipid layer has “spikes” of proteins embedded in it. These spikes are glycoproteins - haemagglutinin and neuraminidase, which is why they are designated as H1N1, H1N2, etc. based on the type of H and N antigens expressed. Haemagglutinin is responsible for the clumping of blood cells and this binds the virus to the infected cells. Neuraminidase is a glycoside hydrolase enzyme which helps in the movement of virus particles across the infected cells and also aids in the budding of the virus from the host cell. The worrisome part is the ability of the virus to mutate during transmission from human to human.
The influenza viruses have segmented genome, i.e. the viral RNA code is not a complete strand but is fragmented into eight parts. All the eight parts are present in the virus. Avian or human influenza virus can infect a pig’s host cell at the same time as the swine flu virus. This can cause a mixing of the genes and thus can bring about the replicating human RNA viral genomes to be embedded in the swine flu virus. Thus, transfer of the human virus through pigs is possible. This creates room for more subtypes of the virus to come up due to the various combinations of the human and swine RNA fragments being present in the virus. This overall is known as antigenic shift. The characteristics of the virus would be that of a swine flu virus, but it can infect a human due to the human RNA fragments in the genome. Such small changes do not drastically affect us unless the changes accumulate and produce enough minor changes to alter the entire makeup of the virus.
Below is the illustration of antigenic shift and antigenic drift (Source: medicinenet).
The reason pigs are considered to be the intermediate host is because they can host swine, avian and human flu types in their cells. This is because pigs feed on the feces shed by birds. If the birds in question carry the avian flu virus, this virus can enter the pig’s host cells and the fragments of avian flu RNA can be picked up by the swine flu virus. This way, the avian flu virus enters the mammalian population.
Diagnosis of swine flu
The first thing to be considered while diagnosing for swine flu is the contact of the person in question with someone tested positive for swine flu infection. A nasopharyngeal swab is done to identify whether it is an influenza A or B virus. If the test is positive for influenza B virus, it is likely to be not swine flu. If tested positive for influenza A virus, it is taken as a confirmation of conventional flu or swine flu. Pathological tests on the tissue sample of the specimen lead to the identification of the virus type.
The definitive identification involves identifying the surface antigens present in the virus. The diagnosis is done using rt-PCR and certain influenza diagnostic tests. Centre for Disease Control (CDC) also advises antiviral susceptibility testing by pyrosequencing. A rapid influenza diagnostic test is performed for the identification of an infection by influenza A virus. This is a test based on the detection of influenza viral nucleoprotein antigen. Serological tests are also performed where the sera of the patients infected for a week and more than 2 weeks are taken for research purposes. Not all labs are authorized for serological testing. The FDA approved assay is the CDC rt-PCR Swine Flu Assay.
Treatment for swine flu
Vaccines are available in the form of nasal sprays, injections and intradermal shots which prevent the onset of this infection. However, it is to be noted that the nasal spray has the live attenuated virus. People with weak immune system are advised against taking nasal spray based vaccine as it can lead to complications.
Apart from vaccines, antiviral agents like zanamivir and oseltamivir are also available in the market. They are known to reduce the symptoms of the flu. Nevertheless, the resistance of the virus to these drugs has already been seen. Thus, people with more than 48 hours of infection are not given these drugs. In non-responsive patients, IV delivery of the drug is possible provided the healthcare provider has given a clearance to do so.
Prevention of swine flu
Below is an illustration of the preventive measures which are to be followed (Source: funonthenet)
by alekhyaGSP at 12-16-2015, 12:27 AM
0 comments
Ebola infection and treatment
Ebola Virus Disease
Ebola is a disease which causes viral hemorrhagic fever in humans and in primates. This disease is currently known as Ebola Virus Disease (EVD). The virus belongs to a group of viruses called the ebolaviruses. This virus was first discovered in 1976 during the outbreak in Sudan and ever since its discovery, the recent outbreak in March 2014 in West Africa is known to be the most complex outbreak. EVD is mostly severe and is often fatal in humans. The virus appears to be normal flora in fruit bat which acts as the natural carrier of this disease. Bushmeat is the meat of the fruit bats which are hunted for food in places like Ghana and other parts of Africa. This serves as a means to transmit the disease.
Transmission of EVD
The disease spreads through contact with body fluids of the infected human or animal. Airborne spread of the disease between humans or primates and both humans and primates has not been documented in the laboratory setup as well as in the natural environment. Body fluids not only refer to blood but also to mucus, sweat, saliva, vomit and semen. A person recovering from EVD can carry the virus for weeks or months in the semen as well as in breast milk. The virus can survive in semen for 3 months, during which the transmission can occur through sexual intercourse. This can be one of the means of transfer between humans. Containers used to hold the body fluids of the patients, the syringes and the needles also work as the transmission agents for the disease. The portals of entry for this virus are the nose, mouth, open wounds, cuts, and abrasions. It can survive for a few hours in dried state on the containers which were in contact with the body fluid. Though people who recover from the disease do not pose a threat in terms of transmission, the dead bodies of infected people are to be handled very carefully. Modern procedures like embalming and burials can transfer EVD. The health care professionals are at a higher risk of contracting EVD. Transmission through food other than bushmeat, water, and air has not been observed.
Symptoms of the Infection
The image below illustrates the various symptoms since the onset of the infection (Source: youcaring)
![[Image: f4ba0f29-ad28-42d1-b662-0d186bd7f4b6_profile.jpg]](https://ebaab9e8e7bfc00a5a21-45190d810652ed73bee40e19fc735049.ssl.cf1.rackcdn.com/f4ba0f29-ad28-42d1-b662-0d186bd7f4b6_profile.jpg)
Onset of the infection
The time between the exposure to the virus and the development of symptoms or the incubation period is between 2 to 21 days and usually between 4 to 10 days, respectively. Symptoms usually involve an onset of a flu-like stage which is mainly characterized by tiredness, fever, weakness, decreased appetite, muscular pain, joint pain, headache, and sore throat. The body temperature during fever is usually higher than 101 °F or 38.3 °C. This is often followed by vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain. Next, shortness of breath and chest pain may occur, along with swelling, headaches and confusion. In about 50% of the cases, the skin may develop a flat red area covered with bumps also known as maculopapular rash, 5 to 7 days after symptoms begin.
Bleeding during the infection
Internal and external bleeding is seen in some people. This typically begins five to seven days after the first symptoms. The clotting factors decrease in the infected people which eventually leads to a decrease in the blood clotting time. Bleeding from mucous membranes or from sites of needle punctures has been reported in half of the cases. This may cause vomiting blood, coughing up of blood, or blood in the stool. Bleeding into the skin may create petechiae, purpura, ecchymoses or hematomas (especially around needle injection sites). Bleeding into the whites of the eyes may also occur. Heavy bleeding is uncommon; if it occurs, it is usually located within the gastrointestinal tract.
Recovery and death
Within 7 to 14 days of the appearance of initial symptoms, recovery may be seen. In people with severe fluid loss, there is a significant drop in the blood pressure which eventually leads to death. The occurrence of death is seen between 6 to 16 days of the appearance of the first symptoms. In general, bleeding doesn’t result in a good outcome as the patient might even end up being in the coma during the last stages of the disease. The people infected for a longer duration usually show signs of weakness, tiredness, and vision-related problems, decreased appetite, muscle and joint pains, liver inflammation and also decreased hearing. On exposure to Ebola virus, antibodies are developed by the immune system which can last for up to 10 years in the system. But, their effect in providing immunity on a second exposure to the disease is unclear.
Onset of the infection
The time between the exposure to the virus and the development of symptoms or the incubation period is between 2 to 21 days and usually between 4 to 10 days, respectively. Symptoms usually involve an onset of a flu-like stage which is mainly characterized by tiredness, fever, weakness, decreased appetite, muscular pain, joint pain, headache, and sore throat. The body temperature during fever is usually higher than 101 °F or 38.3 °C. This is often followed by vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain. Next, shortness of breath and chest pain may occur, along with swelling, headaches and confusion. In about 50% of the cases, the skin may develop a flat red area covered with bumps also known as maculopapular rash, 5 to 7 days after symptoms begin.
Bleeding during the infection
Internal and external bleeding is seen in some people. This typically begins five to seven days after the first symptoms. The clotting factors decrease in the infected people which eventually leads to a decrease in the blood clotting time. Bleeding from mucous membranes or from sites of needle punctures has been reported in half of the cases. This may cause vomiting blood, coughing up of blood, or blood in the stool. Bleeding into the skin may create petechiae, purpura, ecchymoses or hematomas (especially around needle injection sites). Bleeding into the whites of the eyes may also occur. Heavy bleeding is uncommon; if it occurs, it is usually located within the gastrointestinal tract.
Recovery and death
Within 7 to 14 days of the appearance of initial symptoms, recovery may be seen. In people with severe fluid loss, there is a significant drop in the blood pressure which eventually leads to death. The occurrence of death is seen between 6 to 16 days of the appearance of the first symptoms. In general, bleeding doesn’t result in a good outcome as the patient might even end up being in the coma during the last stages of the disease. The people infected for a longer duration usually show signs of weakness, tiredness, and vision-related problems, decreased appetite, muscle and joint pains, liver inflammation and also decreased hearing. On exposure to Ebola virus, antibodies are developed by the immune system which can last for up to 10 years in the system. But, their effect in providing immunity on a second exposure to the disease is unclear.
Virology
Ebola virus (EBOV) which was previously known as Zaire ebolavirus is one of the five viruses in the genus Ebolavirus. EBOV has a single-stranded RNA in the genome. Ebolavirus genomes contain seven genes including 3'-UTR-NP-VP35-VP40-GP-VP30-VP24-L-5'-UTR. The genomes of all the ebolaviruses have variations in their sequences and the locations of the gene overlap also vary. The virions are 80 nm in width and up to 14,000 nm in length. They are filamentous in nature and have the shape of a shepherd's crook, of a "U" or of a "6,” They can also be either coiled, toroid or branched.
The image below is of the Ebola Virus under an electron microscope (Source: Wikipedia).
Ebola virus (EBOV) which was previously known as Zaire ebolavirus is one of the five viruses in the genus Ebolavirus. EBOV has a single-stranded RNA in the genome. Ebolavirus genomes contain seven genes including 3'-UTR-NP-VP35-VP40-GP-VP30-VP24-L-5'-UTR. The genomes of all the ebolaviruses have variations in their sequences and the locations of the gene overlap also vary. The virions are 80 nm in width and up to 14,000 nm in length. They are filamentous in nature and have the shape of a shepherd's crook, of a "U" or of a "6,” They can also be either coiled, toroid or branched.
The image below is of the Ebola Virus under an electron microscope (Source: Wikipedia).
![[Image: 800px-Ebola_virus_virion.jpg]](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Ebola_virus_virion.jpg/800px-Ebola_virus_virion.jpg)
The virions attach to the cellular surface by identifying specific receptors such as C-type lectins, DC-SIGN, or integrins. This is then followed by the fusion of the viral envelope with cellular membranes. The virions which are now inside the cells travel to acidic endosomes and lysosomes where the viral envelope glycoprotein GP is cleaved. This enables the virus to bind to the cell proteins to help it in the fusion with the internal cellular membranes and thus, the viral nucleocapsid is released. GP1, 2 is the structural glycoprotein which is responsible for the virus’ ability to bind to and infect targeted cells. The nucleocapsid is partially uncoated by the viral RNA polymerase which then transcribes it into positive mRNAs and thus the structural and non- structural proteins are coded. The concentration of the nucleoprotein in the host determines when L switches from gene transcription to genome replication. Replication results in the production of full-length, positive-strand antigenomes that are, in turn, transcribed into genome copies of negative-strand virus progeny. The newly synthesized parts of the virus then assemble inside the cell. The virions then separate from the cell after being enveloped in the cell membrane. The mature virions remain within the cell to repeat the cycle. The genetics of the Ebola virus are difficult to study because of EBOV's virulent characteristics.
This below is an illustration of the structure of Ebola virus (source: ukaye.wordpress.com).
![[Image: 9e953-ebola_virion.jpg]](https://ukaye.files.wordpress.com/2014/07/9e953-ebola_virion.jpg)
Pathophysiology of the infection
This below is an illustration of the structure of Ebola virus (source: ukaye.wordpress.com).
Pathophysiology of the infection
Below is an illustration of the activity of the virus and the spread of the infection in the host (Source: Lancet)
![[Image: gr2.jpg]](http://www.lancet.com/cms/attachment/2001013466/2003813714/gr2.jpg)
EBOV replicates very efficiently in a wide range of cells like monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, hepatic cells, fibroblasts and adrenal gland cells. A state of sepsis is induced due to the inflammatory response and chemical signals triggered by the viral replication. Following infection with the virus, the virus-infected host cells carry the virus to the lymph nodes where the virus replicates itself to further the infection to the next stage. The lymphatic system and bloodstream are infected in this process and thus, carrying the virus to all parts of the body. Macrophages are the first cells infected with the virus, and this infection results in programmed cell death. Lymphocytes are also targeted by EBOV which lowers their count due to programmed cell death. Other types of white blood cells, such as lymphocytes, also undergo programmed cell death leading to an abnormally low concentration of lymphocytes in the blood and thus the immune system is weakened. The lower count of lymphocytes is a factor that is observed while diagnosing for EVD.
Endothelial cells are infected within the first 3 days of exposure and their breakdown which leads to blood vessel injury can be caused by the EBOV glycoproteins. Liver damage and improper clotting are observed due to the lack of the specific integrins which are responsible for cell adhesion to the intercellular structure. The affected people experience shock, and swelling is also seen due to the blood loss. There is an increase in the activation of the extrinsic pathway of the coagulation cascade which attributes to the dysfunctional bleeding and clotting as there is excessive tissue factor that is produced by macrophages and monocytes.
After infection, a small soluble glycoprotein (sGP or GP) is synthesized. The protein synthesis in the infected cells of the immune system is overwhelmed by the EBOV replication. A trimeric complex is formed between the GP and the endothelial cells. The signaling of neutrophils in intercepted by a dimeric protein formed by the sGP which aids the virus in evading the immune response as the activation of the neutrophils in nipped in the early stages. The presence of viral particles and the cell damage resulting from viruses budding out of the cell causes the release of chemical signals (such as TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-8), which are molecular signals for fever and inflammation.
Diagnosis of the disease
EBOV replicates very efficiently in a wide range of cells like monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, hepatic cells, fibroblasts and adrenal gland cells. A state of sepsis is induced due to the inflammatory response and chemical signals triggered by the viral replication. Following infection with the virus, the virus-infected host cells carry the virus to the lymph nodes where the virus replicates itself to further the infection to the next stage. The lymphatic system and bloodstream are infected in this process and thus, carrying the virus to all parts of the body. Macrophages are the first cells infected with the virus, and this infection results in programmed cell death. Lymphocytes are also targeted by EBOV which lowers their count due to programmed cell death. Other types of white blood cells, such as lymphocytes, also undergo programmed cell death leading to an abnormally low concentration of lymphocytes in the blood and thus the immune system is weakened. The lower count of lymphocytes is a factor that is observed while diagnosing for EVD.
Endothelial cells are infected within the first 3 days of exposure and their breakdown which leads to blood vessel injury can be caused by the EBOV glycoproteins. Liver damage and improper clotting are observed due to the lack of the specific integrins which are responsible for cell adhesion to the intercellular structure. The affected people experience shock, and swelling is also seen due to the blood loss. There is an increase in the activation of the extrinsic pathway of the coagulation cascade which attributes to the dysfunctional bleeding and clotting as there is excessive tissue factor that is produced by macrophages and monocytes.
After infection, a small soluble glycoprotein (sGP or GP) is synthesized. The protein synthesis in the infected cells of the immune system is overwhelmed by the EBOV replication. A trimeric complex is formed between the GP and the endothelial cells. The signaling of neutrophils in intercepted by a dimeric protein formed by the sGP which aids the virus in evading the immune response as the activation of the neutrophils in nipped in the early stages. The presence of viral particles and the cell damage resulting from viruses budding out of the cell causes the release of chemical signals (such as TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-8), which are molecular signals for fever and inflammation.
Diagnosis of the disease
Laboratory diagnosis includes:-
1. A low platelet count and an initial decrease in the white blood cells, specifically lymphocytes is observed.
2. Elevated levels of liver enzymes like alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) is observed.
3. There are certain abnormalities in the clotting of the blood like prolonged prothrombin time, partial thromboplastin time and bleeding time.
4.Though the virus can be observed under an electron microscope, this method cannot be used for diagnosis as the differentiation of various filoviruses is not possible.
5. Detection of specific RNA or proteins post isolation of the virus and the detection of antibodies in the blood is performed as a part of the specific diagnosis. The positive results in any of the above diagnostic methods are taken as a confirmation to being infected with the virus.
6. Isolation of the virus by cell culture, detection of the viral RNA by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and the detection of proteins by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) are used as diagnostic tools during the early stages of the infection.
7. Later detection is done by identifying antibodies in the blood of the infected people and in the blood of those who recover from the infection.
8. Detection of IgM and IgG during the onset of the infection, i.e., between 2 days and 6 to 18 days respectively.
9. Real-time PCR and ELISA are the two diagnostic tools which are considered to be the most effective in giving quick results.
Treatment
Providing the right care in terms of oral rehydration solutions and intravenous fluids to infected people to prevent the massive fluid loss is one way to counter the symptoms and improve the survival. There is as yet no proven treatment available for EVD. However, potential treatments include blood products, immune therapies, and drug therapies. No licensed vaccines are available yet, but two potential vaccines are undergoing human safety testing.
Preventive measures
Risk reduction should focus on several factors like:-
1. Reducing the risk of wildlife-to-human transmission- animals should be handled appropriately and the meat should be thoroughly cooked prior to consumption.
2. Reducing the risk of human-to-human transmission- people should be made aware of how to handle the body fluids of the infected patients. Gloves should be worn at all times while handling patients and hand washing should be frequent after visiting patients in the hospital or at home.
3. Reducing the risk of possible sexual transmission- the people recovering from Ebola are often advised to abstain from sex of all types for at least 3 months since the onset of symptoms. if abstinence is not possible, protection during sex is the only way to prevent sexual transmission. Washing hands and intimate areas are also of importance to prevent the spread of Ebola.
4. Outbreak containment measures- the virus is active in the corpses which make it mandatory to follow safe burial practices to avoid the spread of the disease. the people who have come in contact with the dead are monitored for the initial symptoms to prevent the spread if they are infected.
5. Health-care workers should always take standard precautions like wearing protective equipment and also follow safe injection and safe burial practices.
6. Extra care should be taken if the patient is diagnosed positive for Ebola. The handling of the body fluids, clothing and bedding should be thorough. Wearing a protective mask, gloves and body cover while around such cases is always advised.
7. Laboratory workers are also at risk. Samples taken from humans and animals for investigation of Ebola infection should be handled by trained staff and processed in suitably equipped laboratories.
Providing the right care in terms of oral rehydration solutions and intravenous fluids to infected people to prevent the massive fluid loss is one way to counter the symptoms and improve the survival. There is as yet no proven treatment available for EVD. However, potential treatments include blood products, immune therapies, and drug therapies. No licensed vaccines are available yet, but two potential vaccines are undergoing human safety testing.
Preventive measures
Risk reduction should focus on several factors like:-
1. Reducing the risk of wildlife-to-human transmission- animals should be handled appropriately and the meat should be thoroughly cooked prior to consumption.
2. Reducing the risk of human-to-human transmission- people should be made aware of how to handle the body fluids of the infected patients. Gloves should be worn at all times while handling patients and hand washing should be frequent after visiting patients in the hospital or at home.
3. Reducing the risk of possible sexual transmission- the people recovering from Ebola are often advised to abstain from sex of all types for at least 3 months since the onset of symptoms. if abstinence is not possible, protection during sex is the only way to prevent sexual transmission. Washing hands and intimate areas are also of importance to prevent the spread of Ebola.
4. Outbreak containment measures- the virus is active in the corpses which make it mandatory to follow safe burial practices to avoid the spread of the disease. the people who have come in contact with the dead are monitored for the initial symptoms to prevent the spread if they are infected.
5. Health-care workers should always take standard precautions like wearing protective equipment and also follow safe injection and safe burial practices.
6. Extra care should be taken if the patient is diagnosed positive for Ebola. The handling of the body fluids, clothing and bedding should be thorough. Wearing a protective mask, gloves and body cover while around such cases is always advised.
7. Laboratory workers are also at risk. Samples taken from humans and animals for investigation of Ebola infection should be handled by trained staff and processed in suitably equipped laboratories.
by SunilNagpal at 12-14-2015, 05:29 AM
74 comments
Post your creative definitions as a comment to this post. Best definition will be featured and awarded with a surprise prize!
by mongoose at 12-09-2015, 01:35 AM
1 comments
Hi,
Sorry if it may look stupid, but I have a few questions concerning the creation of a biotech startup. But before, a few words about me ;-). I recently finished my PhD in cell biology. I got a few good publications and I think in the end, it was quite fine. However, I did not discover anything with a potential commercial value.
Currently, I am looking for a job in the biotech industry, yet without much success... Therefore, I was thinking of maybe creating my own startup. I have some ideas, most of them are linked to organoids.
My questions are thus the following. Is it possible to start a business in biotechnology even if you don't have anything yet patented? If yes, can you use the work (already patented or not) published and/or already commercialized by others? For instance, let's say I want to create a startup which use brain organoids in order to screen for the neurotoxicity of chemicals. May I use previoulsy published protocols for the generation of organoids, with or without any modifications?
Thanks a lot for your answers!
Sorry if it may look stupid, but I have a few questions concerning the creation of a biotech startup. But before, a few words about me ;-). I recently finished my PhD in cell biology. I got a few good publications and I think in the end, it was quite fine. However, I did not discover anything with a potential commercial value.
Currently, I am looking for a job in the biotech industry, yet without much success... Therefore, I was thinking of maybe creating my own startup. I have some ideas, most of them are linked to organoids.
My questions are thus the following. Is it possible to start a business in biotechnology even if you don't have anything yet patented? If yes, can you use the work (already patented or not) published and/or already commercialized by others? For instance, let's say I want to create a startup which use brain organoids in order to screen for the neurotoxicity of chemicals. May I use previoulsy published protocols for the generation of organoids, with or without any modifications?
Thanks a lot for your answers!
by Maroine at 12-07-2015, 09:04 AM
0 comments
Hello people ,
In your opinion , what are , in your opinion , the best universities' laboratories in the world performing in biotechnology or biochemical engineering in terms of research. ?
Thank you for any response.
In your opinion , what are , in your opinion , the best universities' laboratories in the world performing in biotechnology or biochemical engineering in terms of research. ?
Thank you for any response.
by Jyoti Yadav at 11-29-2015, 01:29 AM
0 comments
Sir, Can you please tell me from where to practice MCQ's for bioinformatics?
by kadicam at 11-27-2015, 01:39 PM
2 comments
Hello! I'm studying biotechnology in Mexico. I have a homework where I have to look for people who is studiying it or studying something related to biotechnology, also looking for exchange information like school programs. It will be very helpfull
Thanks.
Thanks.
by priyap01 at 11-25-2015, 09:47 PM
0 comments
Stem cells are undifferentiated human cells, which are capable of developing into any kind of cells that make up the human body. The constantly growing presence of therapeutic research activities in the stem cells field and government support are the two main factors driving the market for stem cells.
A surge in therapeutic research activities funded by governments across the world has immensely propelled the global stems market. However, the high cost of stem cell treatment and stringent government regulations against the harvesting of stem cells are expected to restrain the growth of the global stem cells market.
This study report aims to help global entities make well-informed business decisions based on expert analysis and accurate data.
Overview
A number of factors spur the stem cell market’s growth. Some of the main factors driving the market are the increasing funding from various government and private organizations, rising global awareness about stem cell therapies, and growing industry focus on stem cell research.
Among the key factors, the growing ubiquity of stem cell banking services, greater government support, the growing trend of medical tourism, and the presence of several unmet medical needs are some additional factors favorable for this market. Government support for the stem cells field is mainly directed towards the clinical research and development of stem cells. This factor also highlights the increased awareness of drug discovery and screening, stem cell banking services, and other regenerative treatment options, which is expected to fuel the demand for stem cells in developed as well as emerging regions.
Unmet Medical Needs and Increasing Government Support Boost Global Stem Cells Market
As the volume of unmet medical needs and incidence of chronic illnesses grows, it fuels the number of R&D activities in the field of stem cells. Improved government support and availability of funding for clinical research in stem cells have fostered increased growth opportunities for the stem cells market. The market for stem cells is also capitalizing on the growing awareness regarding the available options for regenerative treatment, the importance of stem cells in drug discovery, and stem cells banking services.
Rapid proliferation of medical tourism facilities across countries such as India, Brazil, China, Malaysia, and Mexico also aids the development of the stem cells market in Latin America and Asia Pacific. Apart from the aforementioned market drivers, a multitude of factors present substantial growth opportunities before the market, such as rising disposable incomes in developing economies, development of the contract research industry, increasing prevalence of neurodegenerative diseases, and the need to replace animal tissue in drug discovery.
Reference: http://www.transparencymarketresearch.co...arket.html
A surge in therapeutic research activities funded by governments across the world has immensely propelled the global stems market. However, the high cost of stem cell treatment and stringent government regulations against the harvesting of stem cells are expected to restrain the growth of the global stem cells market.
This study report aims to help global entities make well-informed business decisions based on expert analysis and accurate data.
Overview
A number of factors spur the stem cell market’s growth. Some of the main factors driving the market are the increasing funding from various government and private organizations, rising global awareness about stem cell therapies, and growing industry focus on stem cell research.
Among the key factors, the growing ubiquity of stem cell banking services, greater government support, the growing trend of medical tourism, and the presence of several unmet medical needs are some additional factors favorable for this market. Government support for the stem cells field is mainly directed towards the clinical research and development of stem cells. This factor also highlights the increased awareness of drug discovery and screening, stem cell banking services, and other regenerative treatment options, which is expected to fuel the demand for stem cells in developed as well as emerging regions.
Unmet Medical Needs and Increasing Government Support Boost Global Stem Cells Market
As the volume of unmet medical needs and incidence of chronic illnesses grows, it fuels the number of R&D activities in the field of stem cells. Improved government support and availability of funding for clinical research in stem cells have fostered increased growth opportunities for the stem cells market. The market for stem cells is also capitalizing on the growing awareness regarding the available options for regenerative treatment, the importance of stem cells in drug discovery, and stem cells banking services.
Rapid proliferation of medical tourism facilities across countries such as India, Brazil, China, Malaysia, and Mexico also aids the development of the stem cells market in Latin America and Asia Pacific. Apart from the aforementioned market drivers, a multitude of factors present substantial growth opportunities before the market, such as rising disposable incomes in developing economies, development of the contract research industry, increasing prevalence of neurodegenerative diseases, and the need to replace animal tissue in drug discovery.
Reference: http://www.transparencymarketresearch.co...arket.html