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The basic constituents of living cells, the amino acids, participate in the body’s most significant biochemical reactions. These are extremely essential to life. The building blocks of protein in structural tissues are the amino acids. In free linked form such as peptides, amino acids play important roles in activities such as regulation of pH balance, neurotransmitter function, metabolism of cholesterol, detoxification, pain control, control of various inflammations etc. Some important amino acids that vital role in the body are methionine, taurine, cysteine, lysine, arginine, tryptophan, and glutamine. Amino acids are quite importantly used in food technology, nutrition supplements, fertilizers, and in industrial production of biodegradable plastics, drugs. Immense advances in the field of amino acid research are provided with a wealth of information on its various applications such as in enzyme functionality, protein and nutrient cofactor adequacy, wasting syndromes, predisposing to some degenerative disorders, neurological disorders, gastrointestinal dysfunction, cardiovascular disease, ammonia toxicity, impairments in detoxification, inborn errors of metabolism, and a vast array of clinical conditions. Results can be applied in the certain replacement therapy design, needed to restore proper balance. Analysis of amino acid provides desirable information regarding the nutritional requirement that includes amino acid supplements, based upon urine or blood plasma levels. Calculations of these levels are based on the measured versus the reference range, the individual’s age, and tabulation of human needs obtained from the National Research Council’s amino acids requirements table. Such amino acid supplements should be packaged and formulated by qualified pharmacy, prescribed by the specialists, and administered orally to patients.

Various biotechnological applications widely require amino acids. They can be safely applied in some pharmaceutical applications, such as solvent additive during purification of protein and also applied in protein formulations and as an excipient in drug preparation required for oral administration. Certain amino acids maintains the intracellular osmotic pressure during high salinity of the surrounding medium. They do not affect function of macromolecules due to which they are also known as “compatible solutes”. Apart from increasing the osmotic pressure, the amino acids also increase protein stability. Certain amino acids also enhance the stability of protein stability after isolating them from natural environments. Arginine is an amino acid which has the ability to assist in the phenomenon of recombinant protein refolding. Arginine suppresses protein aggregation during refolding, as a result increases the efficiency of refolding. Due to this mechanism, arginine is widely applied in recent times in the fields of protein research and development than anticipated, particularly in pharmaceutical applications.