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by swati singh at 08-18-2017, 12:53 AM
4 comments
Sir, I m student of b.tech biotechnology 4th year. I want to appear for GATE examination but i want to seek advice weather i go for biotechnology or for life sciences because while going through syllabus i get to know that engineering mathematics is also in the syllabus of GATE Biotechnology and that is not the case with GATE life science. Please suggest me for which one i should go.
by JeroJuujarvi at 08-17-2017, 05:57 PM
2 comments
Who doesn’t love silk? Silk isn’t just gorgeous on the outside but on the inside too. It has characteristics that people keep falling for. Although it may look like a vulnerable fabric, silk is actually the strongest natural fiber which can withstand pulling pressure, is wrinkle-resistant, elastic, great for all seasons, and barely catches dirt.
There are different kinds of silk, although all of them fall into similar characteristics. One silk that has been quite popular for its admirable characters is spider silk. Spider silk’s strength is comparable to steel; it is more elastic than rubber and lighter than carbon fiber. We haven’t reached to the point where we are able to wear spider silk in our clothing, but many companies are interested in developing the super tough silk.
The toughness of spider silk is comparable to Kevlar, the strongest synthetic fibers which have replaced the steel cables widely used in bridge suspension ropes, elevators, and even fighter jets’ wings. Kevlar is useful in many ways but it comes at a high price. Spider silk is much more cost-effective. This is also why many companies are interested in making businesses out of it.
Several companies have gotten their hands on the spider silk fibers, though many of them try the synthetic ones, and many of their projects are still in progress. However, there’s already one spider-silk product, and it comes from a California-based startup company, Bolt Threads. They’re making synthetic spider silk through a yeast fermentation process that produces a large quantity of silk protein. Their product is a $314 necktie that has been reviewed by MIT Technology Review and WIRED.
There are many extraordinary uses of spider silk that we are dying to explore. It’s not that simple as it takes so much effort.
Farming spiders is not quite a manageable job. Spiders are known to be cannibals which slows the process of getting enough spiders to create sufficient silk fibers. 14,000 spiders are needed to create an ounce of silk. That’s makes for hardship, but it’s not necessarily a dead end to create a business of spider silk.
So now the question is, how should they solve the spider cannibalism that gets in their way?
The answer is not to use spiders.
There are always alternatives. It turns out that the secret of spider silk’s strength is in the proteins produced by fibroin genes. Using gene synthetic technology, these proteins can also be genetically modified and carried by bacteria, yeast, insects, and even goats like the scientists in Utah States University has done. However, there’s still not as much production as they can get with it. It’s caused by the large content of protein that natural spider silk has, almost more than 250 kDa. In order to create mass production for large supplies, we have to come up with another viable solution. Quality is also a concern. Synthetic protein which spins the silk fiber lacks the strength of the naturally spun fibers.
The superhero that came to the scientists’ minds were the silkworms who are already producing silk of their own. Scientists edited the genome of silkworms to have the spider silk gene. They used CRISPR/Cas9. The result was satisfying. The edited silkworms produced 40-50% higher mechanical properties than the original silkworm silk. They are easy to farm, they produce large proteins, and they spin their own silk. There’s really nothing to worry about.
We all know the difficulty of farming spiders and how other organisms are able to be the media of making synthetic spider silk, but still, we will not be satisfied until the spider silk really comes out of the spiders. It would be the ultimate goal for both scientists and industry. There are other genome editing tools as advanced as CRISPR, such as TALEN and Sherlock, which could later gene-edit the spiders to prevent cannibalism or produce more silk. There are different types of silk that spiders can make and each has their own use such as:
So, looking at the different uses and strong points of each silk, genome-editing tools could also help program the spiders to create a specific type of silk that we desire so they won’t bother making the other type. Capture-spiral silk sounds like a perfect fit to make a super-duper strong adhesive glue, or aciniform, which is three times tougher than dragline silk, could be used for elevator cables. If that’s not enough, genome editing tools could also enhance the quality of the spider silk to be higher as different spiders produce different qualities of silk. For example, the Darwin’s Bank spider has the highest performance of silk, while Nephila spiders create golden orb webs in a lower quality. Genome editing could help combine these interesting characteristics. A little snip here and there, et voila!
Market demand
The technical fibers market is always expected to grow and improve due to extensive use from textile to aerospace industries. According to Kraig Biocraft Laboratories, the market demand for technical fibers has a rapid growth. In 2012, the global market for technical fibers reached approximately $133 billion. The demand for technical fibers is expected to reach $160 billion in 2018. For raw silk fibers, the market is sitting at $5 billion. Knowing how powerful spider silk can be, it is already a promising multi-billion dollar market.
Big names in fashion industries have also set their sights on spider silk’s use for clothing advancement. The North Face already teamed up with Spiber, a Japanese-based company which makes synthetic spider silk fibers, to make Moon Parka whose high-quality material is meant for the most extreme arctic conditions. Although not already mass-produced, this wear piece is a step forward to making an outer jacket more protective from any harsh weather condition.
As mentioned earlier, AMSilk has done a lot in the skincare department. They’ve also worked together with Adidas to make The Future Biocraft, running shoes made from 100% biodegradable fabric. This fabric is very strong and lightweight at the same time. What’s most special about these shoes is that they won’t sink once you add a special enzyme to it. So, once this pair of shoes gets worn out, you can easily make it sink and no environmental damage is done. These pro-environmental shoes are just still a prototype, but take this as a sign to show the future where the fashion industry can go.
Nephila Clavipes is a type of spider that produces golden orb webs. You heard it right. Back in 2012, a golden silk cape made from 1.2m Nephila Clavipes took 8 years to create. The golden color of the cape naturally came 100% from the silk, making it more precious than any other silk ever. This cape was only displayed at the Victoria and Albert Museum, London. Imagine how genome editing could reduce the years and efforts required to make golden orb web clothing more available. The fashion world must stay in tune for these advancements.
As spider silk is predicted to be the most-advanced fibers in the future, what are the other wonders you can make with Spider Silk? It goes way beyond clothing. Here are some of the things that we can do with it.[/font]
Protective clothing & Military Uniform Advancement[/font]
There’s more than just a neck tie. With the existing popularity of silk, when you create a business of these super spider silks, you can make super clothes. Not ones with superhero’s power, of course, but the soon to be super-tough silk can protect you from the rain, UV rays, and also bullets. It doesn’t stop there. Scientists in Utah State University are also working on lighter and melt-resistant uniforms. This very promising solution for the troops is so welcomed by the U.S Army that they granted $1 million for the R&D of this project.
So, imagine being a pioneer in making anti-wet clothing and superhero-like military uniforms, doesn’t it sound like a great deal?
Aerospace Applications
Beyond uses on Earth, spider silk can be a valuable material for spacesuits. As astronauts need to be protected from any damage while out in the space, spacesuits always need the most-advanced material technology. The soon to-be super tough silk is an open gate to getting the best of this business opportunity.
Safer material for airbags
More than just a piece of clothing, spider silk can also be made into an airbag. Not only will it replace the material of airbags, but it will literally cover your body entirely — just like when Spiderman captures his enemy — protecting your body from any damage that could happen in a car crash. As spider silk is much softer and lighter than the current airbags, it makes a perfect and safer material in the future. Imagine, if later on, airbags will not only come in cars but also motorcycles. Even though there are already body protectors, imagine pushing a button and the spider silk airbag comes out and wraps you entirely. Imagine how many lives could be saved during bad accidents.
Stronger artificial skin, self-healing bandages and thinner surgical sutures
Now on to medical uses. Spider silk was used a long time ago for covering wounds. Spider silk would be a great material to be artificial skin for burn victims. Spider silk is stronger and biodegradable as compared to current artificial skin. Scientists in Hannover Medical School, Germany did an experiment using silk from a golden orb web. They seeded the mesh with skin-building cells and nutrients, the result of which you can see here. Other than artificial skin, spider silk is said to be great for surgical sutures. The silkworm silk is already the thread that surgeons use. Spider silk is thinner and stronger; thus, it works great in any kind of surgery. Especially for delicate surgeries like nerve and eye surgery. What about for a simple skin wound? Can spider silk turn into a super bandage that could even regenerate skin cells and deliver drugs to your skin? The great news is, scientists from University of Nottingham has already been working on that.
It’s always great to hear about more advancements in the medical world. Spider silk sounds amazingly like a perfect material for even basic first-aid tools such as bandages. Surely, spider silk will be applicable to other medical materials as well.
Advanced skincare ingredients
For those of you who desire silky-feeling skin, you may want to start looking out for skincare products that actually have spider silk formulation in it. The German firm, AMSilk, makes this formulation that has been market tested and approved. Spider silk comes in powder, microbeads, and hydrogel forms which will provide your skin with smoothness and moisture, leaving skin feeling silky and softer. These are common things that some people choose to get surgery or special treatments for, which doesn’t cost little. If you could make a product that would deliver those things mentioned above, with more affordable prices, you could expect a satisfying revenue after launching.
Biodegradable bottles
Fantastically, spider silk can also save the environment because of its biodegradability. With spider silk, we can make biodegradable bottles. There are countries whose consumption of water bottles reaches in the billions such as China and Indonesia. So, biodegradable bottles would be very welcome for not only water, but also for other drinks. It will be a great business as the consumption of plastic-bottled drinks is fast moving.
One very easy step to take to live a green life is to reduce your plastic waste. One day, hopefully soon enough, we won’t have to worry about plastic use anymore.
This is just a short list of what spider silk can be developed into. As technology advances every year, there could be many more developments, such as waterproof clothing (so we don’t bother when we forget to bring our umbrellas or raincoats), dirt-free shoes, or even space elevators. More developments may not have crossed our minds now but could happen with the continued extensive research and development of spider silk.
Humans have been fascinated by the wonders of spider silk for ages and yet the history of humans exploring spider silk has not been so wonderful as we have always faced the same problem. Spider silk is already predicted to be the future of fibers. From automotive and textile use to aerospace utilizations, spider silk could not be more appealing for its broad uses. Big names have got their eye on its development, and surely more and more companies will as well. Before there are too many demands, CRISPR technology is the perfect solution for the number one difficulty people have in starting this business: farming spiders. It’s just an entrance to more exploration and development of spider silk. Both markets of silk and technical fibers are promising already. As we all will look for more advancement in fashion and infrastructure, creating this business means you’re taking your part in making your life more advanced with the wonder material of spider silk.
There are different kinds of silk, although all of them fall into similar characteristics. One silk that has been quite popular for its admirable characters is spider silk. Spider silk’s strength is comparable to steel; it is more elastic than rubber and lighter than carbon fiber. We haven’t reached to the point where we are able to wear spider silk in our clothing, but many companies are interested in developing the super tough silk.
The toughness of spider silk is comparable to Kevlar, the strongest synthetic fibers which have replaced the steel cables widely used in bridge suspension ropes, elevators, and even fighter jets’ wings. Kevlar is useful in many ways but it comes at a high price. Spider silk is much more cost-effective. This is also why many companies are interested in making businesses out of it.
Several companies have gotten their hands on the spider silk fibers, though many of them try the synthetic ones, and many of their projects are still in progress. However, there’s already one spider-silk product, and it comes from a California-based startup company, Bolt Threads. They’re making synthetic spider silk through a yeast fermentation process that produces a large quantity of silk protein. Their product is a $314 necktie that has been reviewed by MIT Technology Review and WIRED.
There are many extraordinary uses of spider silk that we are dying to explore. It’s not that simple as it takes so much effort.
Farming spiders is not quite a manageable job. Spiders are known to be cannibals which slows the process of getting enough spiders to create sufficient silk fibers. 14,000 spiders are needed to create an ounce of silk. That’s makes for hardship, but it’s not necessarily a dead end to create a business of spider silk.
So now the question is, how should they solve the spider cannibalism that gets in their way?
The answer is not to use spiders.
There are always alternatives. It turns out that the secret of spider silk’s strength is in the proteins produced by fibroin genes. Using gene synthetic technology, these proteins can also be genetically modified and carried by bacteria, yeast, insects, and even goats like the scientists in Utah States University has done. However, there’s still not as much production as they can get with it. It’s caused by the large content of protein that natural spider silk has, almost more than 250 kDa. In order to create mass production for large supplies, we have to come up with another viable solution. Quality is also a concern. Synthetic protein which spins the silk fiber lacks the strength of the naturally spun fibers.
The superhero that came to the scientists’ minds were the silkworms who are already producing silk of their own. Scientists edited the genome of silkworms to have the spider silk gene. They used CRISPR/Cas9. The result was satisfying. The edited silkworms produced 40-50% higher mechanical properties than the original silkworm silk. They are easy to farm, they produce large proteins, and they spin their own silk. There’s really nothing to worry about.
We all know the difficulty of farming spiders and how other organisms are able to be the media of making synthetic spider silk, but still, we will not be satisfied until the spider silk really comes out of the spiders. It would be the ultimate goal for both scientists and industry. There are other genome editing tools as advanced as CRISPR, such as TALEN and Sherlock, which could later gene-edit the spiders to prevent cannibalism or produce more silk. There are different types of silk that spiders can make and each has their own use such as:
- Dragline silk: This fiber is used as the outer rim of the web. It is tough and strong as steel.
- Tubiliform silk: This fiber is used for protecting egg sacs. Its nature is very stiff.
- Capture-spiral silk: This fiber is extremely sticky and stretchy by nature, and it is used for the capturing lines of the web.
- Minor-Ampullate silk: This fiber is used for web construction purposes.
- Aciniform silk: This fiber is used to wrap the captured prey. This is three times tougher than the dragline silk. (source: fiber2fashion)
So, looking at the different uses and strong points of each silk, genome-editing tools could also help program the spiders to create a specific type of silk that we desire so they won’t bother making the other type. Capture-spiral silk sounds like a perfect fit to make a super-duper strong adhesive glue, or aciniform, which is three times tougher than dragline silk, could be used for elevator cables. If that’s not enough, genome editing tools could also enhance the quality of the spider silk to be higher as different spiders produce different qualities of silk. For example, the Darwin’s Bank spider has the highest performance of silk, while Nephila spiders create golden orb webs in a lower quality. Genome editing could help combine these interesting characteristics. A little snip here and there, et voila!
Market demand
The technical fibers market is always expected to grow and improve due to extensive use from textile to aerospace industries. According to Kraig Biocraft Laboratories, the market demand for technical fibers has a rapid growth. In 2012, the global market for technical fibers reached approximately $133 billion. The demand for technical fibers is expected to reach $160 billion in 2018. For raw silk fibers, the market is sitting at $5 billion. Knowing how powerful spider silk can be, it is already a promising multi-billion dollar market.
Big names in fashion industries have also set their sights on spider silk’s use for clothing advancement. The North Face already teamed up with Spiber, a Japanese-based company which makes synthetic spider silk fibers, to make Moon Parka whose high-quality material is meant for the most extreme arctic conditions. Although not already mass-produced, this wear piece is a step forward to making an outer jacket more protective from any harsh weather condition.
As mentioned earlier, AMSilk has done a lot in the skincare department. They’ve also worked together with Adidas to make The Future Biocraft, running shoes made from 100% biodegradable fabric. This fabric is very strong and lightweight at the same time. What’s most special about these shoes is that they won’t sink once you add a special enzyme to it. So, once this pair of shoes gets worn out, you can easily make it sink and no environmental damage is done. These pro-environmental shoes are just still a prototype, but take this as a sign to show the future where the fashion industry can go.
Nephila Clavipes is a type of spider that produces golden orb webs. You heard it right. Back in 2012, a golden silk cape made from 1.2m Nephila Clavipes took 8 years to create. The golden color of the cape naturally came 100% from the silk, making it more precious than any other silk ever. This cape was only displayed at the Victoria and Albert Museum, London. Imagine how genome editing could reduce the years and efforts required to make golden orb web clothing more available. The fashion world must stay in tune for these advancements.
As spider silk is predicted to be the most-advanced fibers in the future, what are the other wonders you can make with Spider Silk? It goes way beyond clothing. Here are some of the things that we can do with it.[/font]
Protective clothing & Military Uniform Advancement[/font]
There’s more than just a neck tie. With the existing popularity of silk, when you create a business of these super spider silks, you can make super clothes. Not ones with superhero’s power, of course, but the soon to be super-tough silk can protect you from the rain, UV rays, and also bullets. It doesn’t stop there. Scientists in Utah State University are also working on lighter and melt-resistant uniforms. This very promising solution for the troops is so welcomed by the U.S Army that they granted $1 million for the R&D of this project.
So, imagine being a pioneer in making anti-wet clothing and superhero-like military uniforms, doesn’t it sound like a great deal?
Aerospace Applications
Beyond uses on Earth, spider silk can be a valuable material for spacesuits. As astronauts need to be protected from any damage while out in the space, spacesuits always need the most-advanced material technology. The soon to-be super tough silk is an open gate to getting the best of this business opportunity.
Safer material for airbags
More than just a piece of clothing, spider silk can also be made into an airbag. Not only will it replace the material of airbags, but it will literally cover your body entirely — just like when Spiderman captures his enemy — protecting your body from any damage that could happen in a car crash. As spider silk is much softer and lighter than the current airbags, it makes a perfect and safer material in the future. Imagine, if later on, airbags will not only come in cars but also motorcycles. Even though there are already body protectors, imagine pushing a button and the spider silk airbag comes out and wraps you entirely. Imagine how many lives could be saved during bad accidents.
Stronger artificial skin, self-healing bandages and thinner surgical sutures
Now on to medical uses. Spider silk was used a long time ago for covering wounds. Spider silk would be a great material to be artificial skin for burn victims. Spider silk is stronger and biodegradable as compared to current artificial skin. Scientists in Hannover Medical School, Germany did an experiment using silk from a golden orb web. They seeded the mesh with skin-building cells and nutrients, the result of which you can see here. Other than artificial skin, spider silk is said to be great for surgical sutures. The silkworm silk is already the thread that surgeons use. Spider silk is thinner and stronger; thus, it works great in any kind of surgery. Especially for delicate surgeries like nerve and eye surgery. What about for a simple skin wound? Can spider silk turn into a super bandage that could even regenerate skin cells and deliver drugs to your skin? The great news is, scientists from University of Nottingham has already been working on that.
It’s always great to hear about more advancements in the medical world. Spider silk sounds amazingly like a perfect material for even basic first-aid tools such as bandages. Surely, spider silk will be applicable to other medical materials as well.
Advanced skincare ingredients
For those of you who desire silky-feeling skin, you may want to start looking out for skincare products that actually have spider silk formulation in it. The German firm, AMSilk, makes this formulation that has been market tested and approved. Spider silk comes in powder, microbeads, and hydrogel forms which will provide your skin with smoothness and moisture, leaving skin feeling silky and softer. These are common things that some people choose to get surgery or special treatments for, which doesn’t cost little. If you could make a product that would deliver those things mentioned above, with more affordable prices, you could expect a satisfying revenue after launching.
Biodegradable bottles
Fantastically, spider silk can also save the environment because of its biodegradability. With spider silk, we can make biodegradable bottles. There are countries whose consumption of water bottles reaches in the billions such as China and Indonesia. So, biodegradable bottles would be very welcome for not only water, but also for other drinks. It will be a great business as the consumption of plastic-bottled drinks is fast moving.
One very easy step to take to live a green life is to reduce your plastic waste. One day, hopefully soon enough, we won’t have to worry about plastic use anymore.
This is just a short list of what spider silk can be developed into. As technology advances every year, there could be many more developments, such as waterproof clothing (so we don’t bother when we forget to bring our umbrellas or raincoats), dirt-free shoes, or even space elevators. More developments may not have crossed our minds now but could happen with the continued extensive research and development of spider silk.
Humans have been fascinated by the wonders of spider silk for ages and yet the history of humans exploring spider silk has not been so wonderful as we have always faced the same problem. Spider silk is already predicted to be the future of fibers. From automotive and textile use to aerospace utilizations, spider silk could not be more appealing for its broad uses. Big names have got their eye on its development, and surely more and more companies will as well. Before there are too many demands, CRISPR technology is the perfect solution for the number one difficulty people have in starting this business: farming spiders. It’s just an entrance to more exploration and development of spider silk. Both markets of silk and technical fibers are promising already. As we all will look for more advancement in fashion and infrastructure, creating this business means you’re taking your part in making your life more advanced with the wonder material of spider silk.
by Hardam Singh Shergill at 08-16-2017, 05:56 PM
1 comments
Hello sir,can you please suggest me some names of the best biotechnology uni. Or colleges in north india for msc biotechnology.
by shreyabiotech93 at 08-16-2017, 03:31 PM
2 comments
I am Msc Biotechnology pass out in 2017. I am in search for an opportunity to work in research field. Please help me with any start ups.
by alkawaldia at 08-16-2017, 02:16 AM
1 comments
Sir
I m student of btech biotech first year
And i want to know in what thibg i should concentrate r work to get benefits ahead in my field ahead
I m student of btech biotech first year
And i want to know in what thibg i should concentrate r work to get benefits ahead in my field ahead
by saswati mishra at 08-16-2017, 12:53 AM
1 comments
Sir, I m in my 1styear msc biotechnology. I want to do internship for my experience. So, can you please instruct me from where I should do my internship? I m from odisha, so can you please suggest me some research center or company for my internship in odisha.
by Harkirat at 08-14-2017, 05:16 PM
5 comments
After doing b.tech in biotechnology, doing medical coding is good ? Guide me
by Samidha at 08-14-2017, 12:04 AM
4 comments
I m doing my msc. In biotechnology. After the completion of it, i want to work in research laboratory and companies. So for me which of the above exam is important on the basis offurther doing mtech or phd??
Please help and advise me.[WHITE SMILING FACE]
Please help and advise me.[WHITE SMILING FACE]
by Harkirat at 08-13-2017, 07:07 PM
6 comments
Hey, I completed my b.tech biotechnology and no clue about jobs. Plzzzzz suggests me some idea or whatever in ur mind guys [FACE WITH MEDICAL MASK]
by Harshinistanford at 08-10-2017, 10:45 PM
0 comments
Plz suggest me some best,,free,,useful GRE apps
by Lavkeshsharma at 08-10-2017, 01:38 AM
5 comments
Exam is organised every year in month of February by one among the top 7 IITs and IISC Bangalore on a rotational basis .
It offers admission into MSc and integrated Phd. Programs
Eligibility : Bachelor's degree 55 % aggregate marks, without rounding off for General/OBC and 50 % aggregate for SC/ST
Note : Candidates must have passed Mathematics at 10+2 level.
If you didn't have mathematics in 10+2, but still wants to get admission in these institutes then check out this video. It may help
https://youtu.be/ImQXZPB_-7I
Exam structure : Total marks 100. There are 60 questions divided into three sections A,B and C.
Section A:
(MCQ)Multiple Choice Questions Contain 30 questions. 10 questions are of one marks and 20 questions are of two marks. Total weightage of this section : 50 marks
Negative Marking: 1/3 for one mark question and 2/3 for two mark question
Section B:
(MSQ) Multiple Select Questions contain 10 questions. These questions may have one or more correct answers. There are 10 questions two marks each. Total weightage : 20 marks No negative marking
Section C :
Numerical Answer Type ( NAT) contain 20 questions. Out of 20,10 with one mark and 10 question with two mark each.Total weightage : 30 marks
No negative marking.
In the question paper, 44% of the questions will be on Biology of 10+2+3 level, 20% of the questions will be on Chemistry of 10+2+3 level, 18% of the questions will be on Physics of 10+2 level, and rest 18% of the questions will be on Mathematics of 10+2 level. You can thus study for Physics and Mathematics largely from classes 11 and 12 books for the same. However for Biology and Chemistry you will need to refer higher level books.
Syllabus :
Biology (10 + 2 + 3 level)
General Biology: Taxonomy; Heredity; Genetic variation; Conservation; Principles of ecology; Evolution; Techniques in modern biology.
Biochemistry and Physiology: Carbohydrates; Proteins; Lipids; Nucleic acids; Enzymes; Vitamins; Hormones; Metabolism-Glycolysis, TCA cycle, Oxidative Phosphoryation; Photosynthesis. Nitrogen Fixation, Fertilization and Osmoregulation; Vertebrates - Nervous system; Endocrine system; Vascular system; Immune system; Digestive system and Reproductive System.
Basic Biotechnology: Tissue culture; Application of enzymes; Antigen-antibody interaction; Antibody production; Diagnostic aids.
Molecular Biology: DNA; RNA; Replication; Transcription; Translation; Proteins; Lipids and Membranes; Operon model; Gene transfer.
Cell Biology: Cell cycle; Cytoskeletal elements; Mitochondria; Endoplasmic reticulum; Chloroplast; Golgi apparatus; Signaling.
Microbiology: Isolation; Cultivation; Structural features of virus; Bacteria; Fungi; Protozoa; Pathogenic micro-organisms.
Chemistry 10 + 2 + 3 level)
Atomic Structure: Bohr's theory and Schrodinger wave equation; Periodicity in properties; Chemical bonding; Properties of s, p, d and f block elements; Complex formation; Coordination compounds; Chemical equilibria; Chemical thermodynamics (first and second law); Chemical kinetics (zero, first, second and third order reactions); Photochemistry; Electrochemistry; Acid-base concepts; Stereochemistry of carbon compounds; Inductive, electromeric, conjugative effects and resonance; Chemistry of Functional Groups: Hydrocarbons, alkyl halides, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, amines and their derivatives; Aromatic hydrocarbons, halides, nitro and amino compounds, phenols, diazonium salts, carboxylic and sulphonic acids; Mechanism of organic reactions; Soaps and detergents; Synthetic polymers; Biomolecules-amino acids, proteins, nucleic acids, lipids and carbohydrates (polysaccharides); Instrumental techniques-chromatography (TLC, HPLC), electrophoresis, UV-Vis, IR and NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry.
Mathematics 10 + 2 level)
Sets, Relations and Functions, Mathematical Induction, Logarithms, Complex numbers, Linear and Quadratic equations, Sequences and Series, Trigonometry, Cartesian System of Rectangular Coordinates, Straight lines and Family, Circles, Conic Sections, Permutations and Combinations, Binomial Theorem, Exponential and Logarithmic Series, Mathematical Logic, Statistics, Three Dimensional Geometry, Vectors, Matrices and Determinants, Boolean Algebra, Probability, Functions, limits and Continuity, Differentiation, Application of Derivatives, Definite and Indefinite Integrals, Differential Equations.
Physics 10 + 2 level)
Physical World and Measurement, Elementary Statics and Dynamics, Kinematics, Laws of Motion, Work, Energy and Power, Electrostatics, Current electricity, Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism, Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Current, Electromagnetic waves, Optics, Dual Nature of Matter and Radiations, Atomic Nucleus, Solids and Semiconductor Devices, Principles of Communication, Motion of System of Particles and Rigid Body, Gravitation, Mechanics of Solids and Fluids, Heat and Thermodynamics, Oscillations, Waves.
It offers admission into MSc and integrated Phd. Programs
Eligibility : Bachelor's degree 55 % aggregate marks, without rounding off for General/OBC and 50 % aggregate for SC/ST
Note : Candidates must have passed Mathematics at 10+2 level.
If you didn't have mathematics in 10+2, but still wants to get admission in these institutes then check out this video. It may help
https://youtu.be/ImQXZPB_-7I
Exam structure : Total marks 100. There are 60 questions divided into three sections A,B and C.
Section A:
(MCQ)Multiple Choice Questions Contain 30 questions. 10 questions are of one marks and 20 questions are of two marks. Total weightage of this section : 50 marks
Negative Marking: 1/3 for one mark question and 2/3 for two mark question
Section B:
(MSQ) Multiple Select Questions contain 10 questions. These questions may have one or more correct answers. There are 10 questions two marks each. Total weightage : 20 marks No negative marking
Section C :
Numerical Answer Type ( NAT) contain 20 questions. Out of 20,10 with one mark and 10 question with two mark each.Total weightage : 30 marks
No negative marking.
In the question paper, 44% of the questions will be on Biology of 10+2+3 level, 20% of the questions will be on Chemistry of 10+2+3 level, 18% of the questions will be on Physics of 10+2 level, and rest 18% of the questions will be on Mathematics of 10+2 level. You can thus study for Physics and Mathematics largely from classes 11 and 12 books for the same. However for Biology and Chemistry you will need to refer higher level books.
Syllabus :
Biology (10 + 2 + 3 level)
General Biology: Taxonomy; Heredity; Genetic variation; Conservation; Principles of ecology; Evolution; Techniques in modern biology.
Biochemistry and Physiology: Carbohydrates; Proteins; Lipids; Nucleic acids; Enzymes; Vitamins; Hormones; Metabolism-Glycolysis, TCA cycle, Oxidative Phosphoryation; Photosynthesis. Nitrogen Fixation, Fertilization and Osmoregulation; Vertebrates - Nervous system; Endocrine system; Vascular system; Immune system; Digestive system and Reproductive System.
Basic Biotechnology: Tissue culture; Application of enzymes; Antigen-antibody interaction; Antibody production; Diagnostic aids.
Molecular Biology: DNA; RNA; Replication; Transcription; Translation; Proteins; Lipids and Membranes; Operon model; Gene transfer.
Cell Biology: Cell cycle; Cytoskeletal elements; Mitochondria; Endoplasmic reticulum; Chloroplast; Golgi apparatus; Signaling.
Microbiology: Isolation; Cultivation; Structural features of virus; Bacteria; Fungi; Protozoa; Pathogenic micro-organisms.
Chemistry 10 + 2 + 3 level)
Atomic Structure: Bohr's theory and Schrodinger wave equation; Periodicity in properties; Chemical bonding; Properties of s, p, d and f block elements; Complex formation; Coordination compounds; Chemical equilibria; Chemical thermodynamics (first and second law); Chemical kinetics (zero, first, second and third order reactions); Photochemistry; Electrochemistry; Acid-base concepts; Stereochemistry of carbon compounds; Inductive, electromeric, conjugative effects and resonance; Chemistry of Functional Groups: Hydrocarbons, alkyl halides, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, amines and their derivatives; Aromatic hydrocarbons, halides, nitro and amino compounds, phenols, diazonium salts, carboxylic and sulphonic acids; Mechanism of organic reactions; Soaps and detergents; Synthetic polymers; Biomolecules-amino acids, proteins, nucleic acids, lipids and carbohydrates (polysaccharides); Instrumental techniques-chromatography (TLC, HPLC), electrophoresis, UV-Vis, IR and NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry.
Mathematics 10 + 2 level)
Sets, Relations and Functions, Mathematical Induction, Logarithms, Complex numbers, Linear and Quadratic equations, Sequences and Series, Trigonometry, Cartesian System of Rectangular Coordinates, Straight lines and Family, Circles, Conic Sections, Permutations and Combinations, Binomial Theorem, Exponential and Logarithmic Series, Mathematical Logic, Statistics, Three Dimensional Geometry, Vectors, Matrices and Determinants, Boolean Algebra, Probability, Functions, limits and Continuity, Differentiation, Application of Derivatives, Definite and Indefinite Integrals, Differential Equations.
Physics 10 + 2 level)
Physical World and Measurement, Elementary Statics and Dynamics, Kinematics, Laws of Motion, Work, Energy and Power, Electrostatics, Current electricity, Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism, Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Current, Electromagnetic waves, Optics, Dual Nature of Matter and Radiations, Atomic Nucleus, Solids and Semiconductor Devices, Principles of Communication, Motion of System of Particles and Rigid Body, Gravitation, Mechanics of Solids and Fluids, Heat and Thermodynamics, Oscillations, Waves.
by Harshinistanford at 08-09-2017, 11:27 AM
0 comments
Sir,
Plz suggest any safe online jobs or some of exam that give scholarships for my part time earning for buying books and some other stuffs...Currently I'm an 2nd year biomedical engineering student......
Plz suggest any safe online jobs or some of exam that give scholarships for my part time earning for buying books and some other stuffs...Currently I'm an 2nd year biomedical engineering student......
by Harshinistanford at 08-09-2017, 11:25 AM
1 comments
Currently I'm in my 2nd year of biomedical engineering...I want to pursue research in genetics @ Stanford....Suggest me which is the best Harvard, Stanford or MIT
by Harshinistanford at 08-09-2017, 11:16 AM
5 comments
Currently I'm in my 2nd year of biomedical engineering...I wish to do direct PhD in genetics at Stanford school of science through GRE....Is my decision right?¿....And also I wish to clear GATE2018(BT) for stipend......Do I get stipend for gate,,If I study @ Stanford?¿....And wats the scope for phd in genetics at Stanford¿?
by archana tnwr at 08-09-2017, 02:20 AM
1 comments
Sir I am 3 yr bsc biotech student i am confuse about which stream to choose after bsc in post graduation msc biotech ,micro,biochem , food tech and sir pls tell about the scope of food tech and entrance exam of it and best colleges and which book we should refer for food tech entrnc
by JeroJuujarvi at 08-09-2017, 01:46 AM
0 comments
Cashmere is known for its rarity, hence the hefty price tag on your cashmere sweater. But there’s a chance that it could even become rarer than it is now. There’s a threat in the cashmere industry and yet there might also be a solution that could cure all…
The rarity of cashmere wool comes from the fact that it is created from the wool on a goat’s undercoat that only grows in winter. One goat produces as much as four ounces annually, resulting in not nearly as much production as the other fabrics that we can get. Its rarity is what makes cashmere ever so luxurious.
If it’s that hard to get more production, since it takes 2 goats to create one cashmere sweater, then the question is “why not double up the goats?”
This is where the problem begins…
Mongolia is the second largest cashmere producer, standing only behind China. These cashmere goats have been quite a great source of income for Mongolians. So, increasing the goat population is definitely already on the Mongolian herders’ to-do list. However, there’s an underlying cause to why doubling up the goat population is not enough.
The climate change.
Back in 2010, CNN put this crisis into the spotlight. They interviewed a Mongolian herder who revealed that the grassland was getting worse year after year. The change of nature had created less quality of the grassland. The aforementioned fact about the profitable cashmere as an income source also has made more Mongolians opt out of being herders. Things became complicated when the decreased quality of the grasslands because of the climate change met the increased number of goats there. According to NPR, the climate change has caused 4-degree Fahrenheit rise in average temperature in Mongolia and the goats also take their part in decreasing the grasslands’ quality.
These are the reasons why goats are not earth-friendly, as described by Clean by Design:
Although it’s always possible to get the grasslands green again naturally but goats have rapid reproduction, meaning that they can have multiple births at a time. So, with this rapid reproduction increasing the population of goats, many more goats will be around and the grasslands will still be just as bad as it is now.
Now you see why cashmere production has raised a controversy between cashmere industry and environmentalists. It’s undeniable that cashmere production is not easy on the environment.
People in the cashmere industry are also concerned by this, as it will soon be a threat to their business growth. Sustainable Fibre Alliance (SFA) has teamed up with companies, governments, and NGOs to establish the first Sustainable Cashmere Standard. NOYA Fibers also partnered with The Nature Conservancy to implement sustainable grazing practices in Mongolia.
The cashmere crisis went on and in 2016, Kuow.org updated the situation of the Mongolian grasslands with bad news. The demand is still high for cashmere, but we cannot also neglect the ever de-greening grasslands back in Mongolia. Everyone, from the herders, cashmere, and fashion companies to environmentalists have been facing this dilemma and trying their best to find a solution. Their efforts are still considered too small to maintain the sustainability of both the cashmere business and the environment. If anything, a possible quick way to solve this issue is to lower either the quality or the quantity of cashmere. If so, you’ll probably have to take more serious care of your cashmere sweaters in the case that it will be even rarer in the future.
It may not be soon enough since the cashmere business is hanging by the thread, but as the clock is ticking, we better come up with a solution as fast as we can.
Now, genome editing has helped the Chinese herders in Shaanxi province with producing hairier goats that result in much more cashmere production. While we also have to take serious care of the Mongolian grasslands and any other grasslands out there, with genome-editing, we don’t have to worry about the increased number of goats while at the same time worrying about the ever de-greening grasslands.
A group of scientists from Shaanxi Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Shaanbei in China has successfully created the hairier goats by using CRISPR. Fibroblast growth factor 5 (FGF5) is responsible for determining the hair length in some animals, including goats and humans. The scientists edited the FGF5, along with MSTN, which also made those goats end up with more meat along with more hair. By disrupting a single gene, scientists have found not only longer cashmere, but the edited goats also yield a third more cashmere than the normal goats. Crispr cas-9 that the scientists used has increased more length and quantity of cashmere from one goat but not the diameter of the cashmere fiber. This modification is also likely to be transmitted to the offspring of the Crispr modified goats.
There’s no information yet about the quality of the cashmere from gene-edited goats being higher than the normal ones. Although the scientists say that there is no hair differentiation caused by the genetic modification. Some international regulators doubt the authenticity of the cashmere as the goats’ natural mutations are edited. However, the scientists aren’t planning to commercialize the edited goats anytime soon. There are other tests that they want to do in order to know if there are other effects caused by the mutations. One of the scientists even said that this could take years of work.
So, once this is commercialized, it will really improve the genetics in goats. This research means a lot to Shaanxi, as they are well-known for their cashmere production. We can think of CRISPR goats as the win-win solution for everyone involved in the business.
The cashmere industry has kept expanding since 2011 both in Mongolia and China. In Mongolia, the high demand of cashmere has resulted in over 4000 tons in 2011 and escalated to 8900 tons in 2015. Last year, the cashmere industry in Mongolia successfully made their $9.6 million revenue — so far the best on records — from their exports. China, they exported more than 200,000 kg of cashmere by October 2016 to 9 countries. The cashmere industry is likely to expand in the next year after looking at its rapid growth.
With the rapid growth and high demands, it indeed has attracted young entrepreneurs to enter the industry. Matt Scanlan decided to set foot into the industry after his visit to Mongolia in 2012. Amazed by the culture and the charisma of it, he told Bloomberg how every herder knows the name of each goat. He is currently the CEO of Nadaam Cashmere where the aim is not only to sell high quality cashmere at fair prices, but also to give back to the Mongolian grasslands and society. His company actively gives veterinary care to goats. They’re now planning to build fences there to help prevent the climate change because of excessive grazing. Their yarning process in Italy also causes no damage to the environment by using clean energy. More than just a charity, Nadaam’s business focuses on sustainability as a business practice.
It is surprising to know how the population of these cashmere goats are standing side by side with the climate change and taking their toll on the environments. To achieve the goals of people involved in this issue, we have to decrease the number of goats to save the environment without losing the number of production of cashmere. The math is simple, but putting it into action may not be. Now, this is the scene where CRISPR goats would save us from the cashmere doomsday.
With CRISR goats, we would have control over their reproduction, minimize the danger their hooves cause to the environment, and get the same, or possibly much more production of cashmere. The reproduction control we have over the CRISPR goats is creating these opportunities below:
We’ve taken a look at the opportunities CRISPR goats might bring when they arrive. But there’s still one more problem.
The GMO products controversy.
CRISPR may be new here, but many breeders have already implemented different techniques to develop and refine animals by doing selective breeding. An improvement made by selective breeding that we can all still relate to it from the dairy cows in the US. Traditional selective breeding has reduced the number of cows from 25.6 million in 1944 to just 9 million today with increased milk productivity by as much as 1.6 times. With that in mind, think how much cashmere can be improved faster through gene editing?
Alison Van Eenennaam, an expert in animal genetics and biotechnology at the University of California Davis says, “Thanks to improvements made in the dairy industry through traditional breeding, a glass of milk today is associated with just one third of the greenhouse gas emissions linked to producing a glass of milk in the 1940s.”
Now we can see that the problems with dairy cows are much likely the same with cashmere goats. Both the environment and animal welfare are on edge because they’re on the opposite side from each other, and the climate change’s taking over. As traditional breeding has improved our livestock and contributed to the environment sustainability, so could CRISPR.
It’s true that many more tests have to be done and preparations have to be made before they come out on the stage. When it comes to cashmere goats, just like the dairy cows, it is more than just a change of appearance like the micropigs which would aim to be the next it-pet. Many more drug and food animals are being tested in the labs with CRISPR to improve their and our own lives.
We can’t really talk yet about the risks of the CRISPR goats’ existence, as many things will soon be revealed through the continuous work of the scientists. When it comes to the regulations, greenlights from the FDA have been given to some genome-edited plants but never before to animals. The FDA proposed regulations for genome editing products in January which says all animals whose genomes have been intentionally altered must be examined for safety, which is similar to the process of approving drugs. Many researchers aren’t happy about these proposed regulations. Alison Van Eenennaam said to Nature that this could mean a loss of interest in developing gene-edited animals in businesses, universities, and NGOs.
Surely, many fashion companies have acted on the decreased quality of grassland in Mongolia just as Naadam does. CRISPR will definitely boost their pro-environmental activities and many other aspects in cashmere industry. However, there are still many things to be tested, reviewed, and considered. But if the development is supported by many, especially from the governments and communities, maybe in the next 5 or 10 years the cashmere clothing business will be the next big thing. CRISPR will always be developed for its use. Who knows? Maybe once we accept cashmere from CRISPR goats, scientists could create a stronger cashmere fibers, or make it anti-wet and able to give more heat. Anything sounds possible. We’ll know that after the approval of these soon to be super goats.
The rarity of cashmere wool comes from the fact that it is created from the wool on a goat’s undercoat that only grows in winter. One goat produces as much as four ounces annually, resulting in not nearly as much production as the other fabrics that we can get. Its rarity is what makes cashmere ever so luxurious.
If it’s that hard to get more production, since it takes 2 goats to create one cashmere sweater, then the question is “why not double up the goats?”
This is where the problem begins…
Mongolia is the second largest cashmere producer, standing only behind China. These cashmere goats have been quite a great source of income for Mongolians. So, increasing the goat population is definitely already on the Mongolian herders’ to-do list. However, there’s an underlying cause to why doubling up the goat population is not enough.
The climate change.
Back in 2010, CNN put this crisis into the spotlight. They interviewed a Mongolian herder who revealed that the grassland was getting worse year after year. The change of nature had created less quality of the grassland. The aforementioned fact about the profitable cashmere as an income source also has made more Mongolians opt out of being herders. Things became complicated when the decreased quality of the grasslands because of the climate change met the increased number of goats there. According to NPR, the climate change has caused 4-degree Fahrenheit rise in average temperature in Mongolia and the goats also take their part in decreasing the grasslands’ quality.
These are the reasons why goats are not earth-friendly, as described by Clean by Design:
- They consume more than 10% of their body weight daily in roughage
- They eat very close to the roots thus destroying plants
- Their stiletto-like hoofs also damage topsoil and grass root system
Although it’s always possible to get the grasslands green again naturally but goats have rapid reproduction, meaning that they can have multiple births at a time. So, with this rapid reproduction increasing the population of goats, many more goats will be around and the grasslands will still be just as bad as it is now.
Now you see why cashmere production has raised a controversy between cashmere industry and environmentalists. It’s undeniable that cashmere production is not easy on the environment.
People in the cashmere industry are also concerned by this, as it will soon be a threat to their business growth. Sustainable Fibre Alliance (SFA) has teamed up with companies, governments, and NGOs to establish the first Sustainable Cashmere Standard. NOYA Fibers also partnered with The Nature Conservancy to implement sustainable grazing practices in Mongolia.
The cashmere crisis went on and in 2016, Kuow.org updated the situation of the Mongolian grasslands with bad news. The demand is still high for cashmere, but we cannot also neglect the ever de-greening grasslands back in Mongolia. Everyone, from the herders, cashmere, and fashion companies to environmentalists have been facing this dilemma and trying their best to find a solution. Their efforts are still considered too small to maintain the sustainability of both the cashmere business and the environment. If anything, a possible quick way to solve this issue is to lower either the quality or the quantity of cashmere. If so, you’ll probably have to take more serious care of your cashmere sweaters in the case that it will be even rarer in the future.
It may not be soon enough since the cashmere business is hanging by the thread, but as the clock is ticking, we better come up with a solution as fast as we can.
Now, genome editing has helped the Chinese herders in Shaanxi province with producing hairier goats that result in much more cashmere production. While we also have to take serious care of the Mongolian grasslands and any other grasslands out there, with genome-editing, we don’t have to worry about the increased number of goats while at the same time worrying about the ever de-greening grasslands.
A group of scientists from Shaanxi Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Shaanbei in China has successfully created the hairier goats by using CRISPR. Fibroblast growth factor 5 (FGF5) is responsible for determining the hair length in some animals, including goats and humans. The scientists edited the FGF5, along with MSTN, which also made those goats end up with more meat along with more hair. By disrupting a single gene, scientists have found not only longer cashmere, but the edited goats also yield a third more cashmere than the normal goats. Crispr cas-9 that the scientists used has increased more length and quantity of cashmere from one goat but not the diameter of the cashmere fiber. This modification is also likely to be transmitted to the offspring of the Crispr modified goats.
There’s no information yet about the quality of the cashmere from gene-edited goats being higher than the normal ones. Although the scientists say that there is no hair differentiation caused by the genetic modification. Some international regulators doubt the authenticity of the cashmere as the goats’ natural mutations are edited. However, the scientists aren’t planning to commercialize the edited goats anytime soon. There are other tests that they want to do in order to know if there are other effects caused by the mutations. One of the scientists even said that this could take years of work.
So, once this is commercialized, it will really improve the genetics in goats. This research means a lot to Shaanxi, as they are well-known for their cashmere production. We can think of CRISPR goats as the win-win solution for everyone involved in the business.
The cashmere industry has kept expanding since 2011 both in Mongolia and China. In Mongolia, the high demand of cashmere has resulted in over 4000 tons in 2011 and escalated to 8900 tons in 2015. Last year, the cashmere industry in Mongolia successfully made their $9.6 million revenue — so far the best on records — from their exports. China, they exported more than 200,000 kg of cashmere by October 2016 to 9 countries. The cashmere industry is likely to expand in the next year after looking at its rapid growth.
With the rapid growth and high demands, it indeed has attracted young entrepreneurs to enter the industry. Matt Scanlan decided to set foot into the industry after his visit to Mongolia in 2012. Amazed by the culture and the charisma of it, he told Bloomberg how every herder knows the name of each goat. He is currently the CEO of Nadaam Cashmere where the aim is not only to sell high quality cashmere at fair prices, but also to give back to the Mongolian grasslands and society. His company actively gives veterinary care to goats. They’re now planning to build fences there to help prevent the climate change because of excessive grazing. Their yarning process in Italy also causes no damage to the environment by using clean energy. More than just a charity, Nadaam’s business focuses on sustainability as a business practice.
It is surprising to know how the population of these cashmere goats are standing side by side with the climate change and taking their toll on the environments. To achieve the goals of people involved in this issue, we have to decrease the number of goats to save the environment without losing the number of production of cashmere. The math is simple, but putting it into action may not be. Now, this is the scene where CRISPR goats would save us from the cashmere doomsday.
With CRISR goats, we would have control over their reproduction, minimize the danger their hooves cause to the environment, and get the same, or possibly much more production of cashmere. The reproduction control we have over the CRISPR goats is creating these opportunities below:
- Everyone involved in this issue could calm down and take baby steps towards the goals they want. The heat between the cashmere industry, fashion companies, and environmentalists could melt down with CRISPR goats. The cashmere industry and fashion companies could safely continue their business while at the same supporting the environmentalists to help the environment go back green again.
- CRISPR goats yield more cashmere than normal goats. In numbers, from the CRISPR goats that are still in the labs, there’s a 92.75 gr of cashmere increase from each 4 month old CRISPR goat on average. The length of cashmere is increased too.
- In Mongolia, sand has replaced the grass where the grass used to grow. However, goats eat almost anything even when there’s a lack of grass patches. This means the herders have to buy the grains to feed the goats. If the herders could have as much cashmere production with half the number of normal goats, such as with CRISPR goats, then they wouldn’t have to bother buying food supplies in the city. Budget wise, it’s more than just good.
- What’s good can be better. Even when goats are willing to eat anything, their favorite food would still be grass. There’s barely even grass anymore on Mongolian land, and it has raised concerns about the quality of cashmere. When CRISPR goats arrive, maybe they would have to be fed by the mix of grains while waiting for the grass to grow again. When the environment has finally healed, they will be able to eat the grass again, as it will just get better for herders and the goats themselves.
We’ve taken a look at the opportunities CRISPR goats might bring when they arrive. But there’s still one more problem.
The GMO products controversy.
CRISPR may be new here, but many breeders have already implemented different techniques to develop and refine animals by doing selective breeding. An improvement made by selective breeding that we can all still relate to it from the dairy cows in the US. Traditional selective breeding has reduced the number of cows from 25.6 million in 1944 to just 9 million today with increased milk productivity by as much as 1.6 times. With that in mind, think how much cashmere can be improved faster through gene editing?
Alison Van Eenennaam, an expert in animal genetics and biotechnology at the University of California Davis says, “Thanks to improvements made in the dairy industry through traditional breeding, a glass of milk today is associated with just one third of the greenhouse gas emissions linked to producing a glass of milk in the 1940s.”
Now we can see that the problems with dairy cows are much likely the same with cashmere goats. Both the environment and animal welfare are on edge because they’re on the opposite side from each other, and the climate change’s taking over. As traditional breeding has improved our livestock and contributed to the environment sustainability, so could CRISPR.
It’s true that many more tests have to be done and preparations have to be made before they come out on the stage. When it comes to cashmere goats, just like the dairy cows, it is more than just a change of appearance like the micropigs which would aim to be the next it-pet. Many more drug and food animals are being tested in the labs with CRISPR to improve their and our own lives.
We can’t really talk yet about the risks of the CRISPR goats’ existence, as many things will soon be revealed through the continuous work of the scientists. When it comes to the regulations, greenlights from the FDA have been given to some genome-edited plants but never before to animals. The FDA proposed regulations for genome editing products in January which says all animals whose genomes have been intentionally altered must be examined for safety, which is similar to the process of approving drugs. Many researchers aren’t happy about these proposed regulations. Alison Van Eenennaam said to Nature that this could mean a loss of interest in developing gene-edited animals in businesses, universities, and NGOs.
Surely, many fashion companies have acted on the decreased quality of grassland in Mongolia just as Naadam does. CRISPR will definitely boost their pro-environmental activities and many other aspects in cashmere industry. However, there are still many things to be tested, reviewed, and considered. But if the development is supported by many, especially from the governments and communities, maybe in the next 5 or 10 years the cashmere clothing business will be the next big thing. CRISPR will always be developed for its use. Who knows? Maybe once we accept cashmere from CRISPR goats, scientists could create a stronger cashmere fibers, or make it anti-wet and able to give more heat. Anything sounds possible. We’ll know that after the approval of these soon to be super goats.
by binu at 08-08-2017, 04:22 PM
0 comments
Please add to this list of institutes which provide a PhD in Bioinformatics (specifically) so that a comprehensive list can be prepared.
Allahabad University
Amity University
Anna University, Chennai
Bharathidasan University, TamilNadu
Banasthali University, Rajasthan
Bose Institute, Kolkata
Calcutta University
Central University of South Bihar, Gaya
Dr. D.Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Pune
IBAB, Bangalore
IIIT Allahabad
IIIT Delhi
IIIT Hyderabad
Jaypee University of Information Technology, Solan, Himachal Pradesh
JNU, New Delhi (PhD in Life Science)
Karunya University, Tamil Nadu
National Institute of Technology, Bhopal
North-Eastern Hill University(NEHU), Shillong
Pondicherry University
Sastra University,Tamil Nadu
Shiv Nadar University, Noida
SHUATS, Allahabad
University of Hyderabad
University of Pune
WBUT, (MAKAUT) Salt Lake, Kolkata
Allahabad University
Amity University
Anna University, Chennai
Bharathidasan University, TamilNadu
Banasthali University, Rajasthan
Bose Institute, Kolkata
Calcutta University
Central University of South Bihar, Gaya
Dr. D.Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Pune
IBAB, Bangalore
IIIT Allahabad
IIIT Delhi
IIIT Hyderabad
Jaypee University of Information Technology, Solan, Himachal Pradesh
JNU, New Delhi (PhD in Life Science)
Karunya University, Tamil Nadu
National Institute of Technology, Bhopal
North-Eastern Hill University(NEHU), Shillong
Pondicherry University
Sastra University,Tamil Nadu
Shiv Nadar University, Noida
SHUATS, Allahabad
University of Hyderabad
University of Pune
WBUT, (MAKAUT) Salt Lake, Kolkata
by Lavkeshsharma at 08-08-2017, 05:26 AM
1 comments
The genetically engineered AquaBounty salmon shown here is about twice the size of its wild kin, although both are roughly the same age.
Genetically engineered salmon has reached the dinner table. AquaBounty Technologies, the company in Maynard, Massachusetts, that developed the fish, announced on 4 August that it has sold some 4.5 tonnes of its hotly debated product to customers in Canada.
The sale marks the first time that a genetically engineered animal has been sold for food on the open market. It took AquaBounty more than 25 years to get to this point.
The fish, a variety of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), is engineered to grow faster than its non-genetically modified counterpart, reaching market size in roughly half the time — about 18 months. AquaBounty sold its first commercial batch at market price: US$5.30 per pound ($11.70 per kilogram), says Ron Stotish, the company’s chief executive. He would not disclose who bought it.
AquaBounty raised the fish in tanks in a small facility in Panama. It plans to ramp up production by expanding a site on Canada’s Prince Edward Island, where local authorities gave the green light for construction in June. In the same month, the company also acquired a fish farm in Albany, Indiana; it awaits the nod from US regulators to begin production there.
The sale of the fish follows a long, hard-fought battle to navigate regulatory systems and win consumer acceptance. “Somebody’s got to be first and I’m glad it was them and not me,” says James West, a geneticist at Vanderbilt University in Nashville, Tennessee, who co-founded AgGenetics, a start-up company in Nashville that is engineering cattle for the dairy and beef industries. “If they had failed, it might have killed the engineered livestock industry for a generation,” he says.
Swimming upstream
AquaBounty’s gruelling path from scientific discovery to market terrified others working in animal biotechnology, and almost put the company out of business on several occasions. Scientists first demonstrated the fast-growing fish in 1989. They gave it a growth-hormone gene from Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha), along with genetic regulatory elements from a third species, the ocean pout (Zoarces americanus). The genetic modifications enable the salmon to produce a continuous low level of growth hormone.
AquaBounty formed around the technology in the early 1990s and approached regulators in the United States soon after. It then spent almost 25 years in regulatory limbo. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the salmon for consumption in November 2015, and Canadian authorities came to the same decision six months later. Neither country requires the salmon to be labelled as genetically engineered.
But unlike in Canada, political battles in the United States have stalled the salmon’s entry into the marketplace. The law setting out the US government’s budget for fiscal year 2017 includes a provision that instructs the FDA to forbid the sale of transgenic salmon until it has developed a programme to inform consumers that they are buying a genetically engineered product. Senator Lisa Murkowski (Republican, Alaska), who inserted the provision, has called AquaBounty’s salmon “fake fish”.
Activists in both the United States and Canada have demanded that regulators reconsider their decisions, and some have filed lawsuits. The Center for Food Safety, an environmental-advocacy group in Washington DC, sued the FDA last year in an attempt to overturn its salmon decision. The group says the agency lacks the legal authority to oversee genetically engineered animals, and that it made its decision without fully considering the environmental risks.
The announcement that AquaBounty’s fish are landing on Canadian tables is sure to dredge up opposition, says Stotish. He argues that the genetically engineered fish are good for the economy — attractive because they can be grown near metropolitan areas rather than being flown in from overseas, bringing salmon-farming jobs back to the United States and Canada. And because the AquaBounty salmon are grown in tanks, he adds, they don’t encounter many of the pathogens and parasites that often afflict salmon raised in sea cages.
“I think the larger market is viewing it as a more predictable, sustainable source of salmon," Stotish says. “As a first sale this was very positive and encouraging for us.”